Before hitting the moon's surface, Xihe 2 had successfully sent important data to the earth about the moon's lack of strong magnetic fields and radiation belts.

These data are important factors in the successful soft landing of Xihe 7 on the moon's surface.

At that time, Xihe 2 also brought a "meeting gift" given to Chang'e, the leader of the Moon Palace by scientists from the Chinese Federation. It was a large and two small three metal signs. They were both pentagonal, with a large diameter of ten centimeters, and were cast on it with the national emblem of the Chinese Federation - the Canglongshou.

The two small signs are exactly the same, both with a diameter of 9 cm, and are engraved with a row of Chinese words written on them, with the seven big characters of the Federal Republic of China. Due to the special protective devices, they are still lying safely in the quiet Moon Palace.

The Soviet Union's second-generation lunar probe was to overcome the soft landing technology on the lunar surface, which is one of the most difficult technical problems in lunar exploration projects.

In 1959, the heavy launch vehicle "Crazy Thunder" transformed from a large intercontinental missile sent Xihe 7 on a journey full of expectations.

The rocket first sent Xihe 7 into the earth's docking orbit about 200 kilometers, and then the third stage rocket ignited the second time, pushing Xihe 7, which weighed 65 tons, into the moon-running orbit.

During the voyage, Xihe 7 must continue to orbit corrections to ensure that it can "hit" the moon.

Three and a half days later, Xihe 7 finally approached the moon. When it was about 8,000 kilometers away from the moon, it adjusted its posture, aimed the brake rocket engine at the moon surface, and then started the landing system program.

Finally, on February 18, the Xihe 7 lunar probe slowed down 70 kilometers away from the moon surface. It gradually reduced its speed to a bearable level from a high-speed traveling state of 2,600 meters per second.

At the same time, a five-meter-long probe was extended from the bottom to determine the timing of shutting down the engine. The moment the probe touched the moon, Xihe 7 quickly shut down the engine and threw out the oval landing compartment located at the top, and finally landed on the moon at a speed of 6 meters per second.

The landing cabin is very cleverly designed. It has a buffer device and is thrown out like an elastic airbag that can bounce around like a soft ball on the surface of the moon.

When the landing cabin is stationary, the shell composed of four petals will bloom like a flower. The petals themselves are antennas, and there are 4 75 cm whip-shaped antennas inside the petals, which together send messages to the earth.

The camera carried by the landing compartment stretched out the camera and started taking photos. Seven hours later, the ground control personnel received the first black and white panoramic photo from the surface of the moon.

In the next three days, the whole world's attention was focused on the moon. Xihe 7 sent back 8 hours of information to the earth in 7 times, until the battery was exhausted after 3 days.

Its success not only allowed humans to obtain panoramic photos of the moon's surface and stereoscopic photos of local areas for the first time, but also told the fact that the moon's surface is hard.

Because of this, the later moon landing program no longer had to worry about the moon landing astronauts falling into the lunar soil. Previously, scientists had been worried that the dust on the lunar surface would ruthlessly swallow people and billions of Chinese-yuan equipment like a swamp on the ground.

Xihe 7 used bright-code signals when transmitting lunar images to the ground. A British bank's radio station monitored these signals and converted them into standard images.

A few minutes later, major mainstream media in the Western world took the lead in publishing photos of the moon's surface, and scientists from the China Federation were very angry about this. Since then, the China Federation has added passwords to the pictures uploaded by the detector.

In 1960, Xihe 10, the second soft lander of the China Federation, embarked on a journey again. It worked for a week. In addition to taking pictures, it also carried a penetrator, which analyzed the mechanical properties of the lunar soil by measuring the speed and depth of the lunar soil.

Xihe 10 also measured the lunar soil density and obtained the mechanical properties of lunar soil 20 cm to 30 cm thick by measuring the time and intensity of vibration waves generated by collision with the moon during landing.

The measurement results show that the lunar soil near the landing site is granular and has a slight viscosity. The density is about gram per cubic centimeter.

In order to accurately understand the distribution of the lunar gravity field and prevent the manned lunar landing device from deviating from the landing point, the Huaxia Federation also launched a lunar detector to conduct detailed detection of the uneven distribution of the lunar gravity field.

The first lunar probe of human beings to orbit the moon is Xihe Nine, which flew more than 500 circles around the moon in an elliptical orbit of 350 kilometers x 1017 kilometers.

After that, the Chinese Federation launched Xihe 11, 12 and 13 lunar probes, which also measured the radiation environment near the moon, including the intensity of gamma rays on the surface of the moon, solar wind ions and electron fluxes, etc., which silently prepared for manned moon flights.

The third-generation lunar probes of the China Federation are even more amazing. They can automatically dig soil on the moon surface to sample and return to the earth.

In 1963, after accumulating enough experience, the Chinese Federation picked up the spherical return capsule that returned to the earth from the moon for the first time. This is the masterpiece of Xihe No. 15.

The about one kilogram of lunar rock particles brought back in the return capsule made the humans living on Earth truly see the "local specialties" on the moon for the first time.

However, Xihe 15 is the second automatic sampling return probe, which was unfortunately crashed on the moon before Xihe 14, which was launched one year ago.

Xihe No. 15, with a mass of about seven tons, is launched by the "Giant Spirit God" heavy carrier rocket. It consists of two parts, the upper part is called "upgrade", and is responsible for sending the return capsule containing lunar samples back to Earth.

The following part is called the "landing stage", which is mainly composed of a brake engine, a swimming engine and a cylindrical propellant tank, a lunar sample collection device, a navigation and control system, a temperature control system, a communication system, a chemical battery and a buffer landing shelf.

It started on July 14, 1963, and after a long journey of 5 days, it successfully achieved a soft landing on the surface of the moon. The landing level started working first. It stretched out its drill arm and exposed the drill tube with the hollow core, and began to collect lunar samples.

The drill arm can be moved to avoid the hard moon rock. The sensors in the drill bit can test the resistance of the moon rock or moon soil to determine the speed of the drill bit. In just 7 minutes, the drill bit drilled into a depth of 35 cm, collected a kilogram of lunar soil specimens, and then it sent the drill tube containing the moon soil into the return capsule and automatically sealed.

Then, according to the ground instructions, the engine was ignited, and the return capsule was on its way back.

Three days later, at about 50,000 kilometers away from the earth, the return capsule separates from the instrument capsule and enters the earth's atmosphere at a speed of about 11 kilometers per second.

Because it is a ballistic return, its leading edge temperature exceeds 10,000 degrees Celsius when passing through the atmosphere, and the overload reaches a gravity acceleration of 50 g.

When the height of kilometers above the ground, the parachute in the return capsule opens and before landing, it sends a signal to help ground search personnel find it.

After Xihe 15 was launched, the Chinese Federation announced four automatic lunar sampling and return probes, but Xihe 19 and Xihe 22 failed. Xihe 17 only retrieved less than 100 grams of samples due to the hard moon rock.

Subsequently, the Chinese Federation launched the Xihe 20 lunar probe, carrying the world's first unmanned lunar rover, Axis 1.

Jiaxi No. 1 traveled day and night, experiencing the double test of hot day and cold night, walking a total of twenty kilometers, measuring the physical and mechanical properties of more than 700 lunar soil surfaces. The chemical parameters of lunar soil in thirty locations were analyzed, and more than 23,000 lunar photos and more than 300 panoramic photos were taken, which achieved great success.

The Jiaxi-1 driverless lunar exploration vehicle spent a month safely on the moon, which represents the highest achievement of unmanned lunar exploration technology at this time.

The appearance of Jiaxi No. 1 looks like a stroller, with 8 wheels, each wheel is controlled separately, and the car can move forward and backward and turn. It has a translucent meter that can be inserted into the lunar soil to test physical and mechanical properties, an x-ray analyzer that measures the chemical parameters of the lunar soil, and a magnetometer that specializes in the magnetic field characteristics of the lunar surface.

These data can be used to measure the distance between the earth and the moon, equipped with a special laser mirror.

Therefore, it is also possible to measure the intensity of visible light and ultraviolet rays, as well as highly sensitive instruments for receiving cosmic rays and observing the sun, and to carry multiple imaging devices for obtaining lunar images.

Jiaxi-1 can not only send some test data back to Earth in time, but also conduct some on-site analysis and send the results back to Earth.

The power supply system of Jiaxi-1 is designed with a very creative design, with a large cover covered with solar cells on the instrument cabin of the rover.

During the day, it is open, allowing the solar cells to receive strong solar radiation and charge the battery.

At night, the temperature on the moon surface drops sharply and the lid closes to maintain the temperature and rely on radioactive isotope fuel to expel heat for heating.

The Jiaxi-1 unmanned lunar exploration vehicle uses "radioactive isotope temperature differential generator" as a long-life power supply. This power supply is not affected by the ambient temperature and can be discharged for a long time.

Compared with the brilliant achievements of the Chinese Federation, the United States' start was even more difficult. Almost none of the five "Pilot" probes launched in the early stage of the moon exploration were successful. The main reason for its failure was that the rocket did not have enough thrust to achieve the Earth's escape speed and sent it to the moon's orbit.

Although Pioneer 4 barely succeeded, it was still nearly 6,000 kilometers away from the moon when it flew over the moon, and its detection instruments were basically ineffective.

Compared with the decline of the United States, China Federation has gained the upper hand in the development of heavy launch vehicles thanks to the technology of intercontinental missiles and early technical accumulation.

Among them, the Giant Spirit carrier rocket is the culmination of the lucky launch vehicle.

The Giant Spirit Launch Vehicle is a giant rocket designed by Qian Xuesen, chief designer of the China Federal Aerospace Administration of China for the manned moon landing program under extreme confidentiality. For a long time, the China Federation has not disclosed any information about it to the outside world.

Although the American spy satellite captured its huge figure, the Chinese Federation maintained its maximum silence.

The Giant God Rocket can be said to be Qian Xuesen's masterpiece. His ideal is to not only conquer the space around the earth, but also fly to other planets.

The "Giant God" is a behemoth, 115 meters high, with a diameter of 18 meters at the bottom, a take-off weight of 3,000 tons, and can send a load of 100 tons to low earth orbit.

Even fifty years later, any rocket made by humans cannot be compared with this steel giant. The Giant God Rocket has 5 levels in total. The first three levels can send the moon landing spacecraft to low-Earth orbit, and the fourth level will send the spacecraft into the moon landing orbit.

The fifth stage, also known as the final stage, first provides power to adjust the direction of flight during long journeys to the moon. Secondly, when approaching the moon, it acts as a "brake" as a reverse push rocket, causing the spacecraft to enter the lunar module of the lunar equatorial elliptical orbit.

During the subsequent landing process, it will separate from the spacecraft along with the lunar module and continue to work to reduce the descent speed of the lunar module. Finally, it will be thrown away 4 kilometers away from the surface of the lunar module and land near the landing site of the lunar module.

Since 1955, Li Zongren, who had just been elected head of the Chinese Federation, approved the lunar landing plan of Hualian Space Agency. He also made a high-profile announcement in the Supreme Parliament that he would "fall Westerners on the moon before the United States."

For the Xihe Project, the Huaxia Federation, which had just been established for less than 40 years, used all domestic resources.

The Xihe moon landing plan received strong support from the Hualian government. Even in the days when funds were tight, accidents were constant, and criticisms were repeated, the Hualian government's support for the Xihe project was never shaken.

Li Zongren was as determined to be the project of this century as ever, and even when the plan was suspected of political and economic gains. In China after World War II, no national plan could be supported by such lasting and firm support.

The plan for Xihe's moon landing plan is to first use a launch vehicle to send the lunar spacecraft into the earth-moon orbit, and then enter the orbit around the moon. Then the spacecraft is separated into a mother ship and the lunar module, and astronauts land on the moon in the lunar module.

The mother ship still maintained a flight around the moon. After the lunar module completed its lunar exploration mission, it left the moon and docked the mother ship and sent the astronauts back to the mother cabin. Then the mother cabin threw the lunar module and returned to the earth with the astronauts.

This moon landing plan is cleverly designed and unique, just like a large ship only needs to release a small boat to travel back and forth in order to obtain connection with the land.

At that time, when sending astronauts to the distant moon, the first major challenge was to use a transport tool to send a spacecraft weighing dozens of tons to overcome the gravity of the earth to the moon.

Fortunately, the research results of the large intercontinental missiles have given Hualian Space Administration a preliminary technical accumulation, and the Giant Spirit Heavy Launch Vehicle was born on this basis. At that time, Li Zongren personally appointed Qian Xuesen and the Aerospace Flight Center of the China Economic and Economic Union to be fully responsible for the development of the rocket.

The core of Xihe's moon landing plan is the Luna spacecraft, which is the third generation of the lunar landing ship of the China Federation. Its heading target is directly aimed at the moon. The spacecraft consists of a command module, a service module and a lunar module. There is also an escape life tower during launch, which is 16 meters high and an escape life tower that is 24 meters, a diameter of 13 meters, and a weight of about 40 tons.

The command cabin is conical, with a height of meter and a weight of 6 tons. It has a diameter of meter at the bottom and is equipped with supplies for three astronauts to live for half a month. It is the place where astronauts live and work, and it is also the control center of the spacecraft and the component that returns to the ground.

The command cabin is divided into three sections, front, middle and rear sections, and landing components are placed in the front cabin, recycling equipment and attitude-controlled engines.

The middle cabin is the astronaut cockpit, with 3 seats side by side in the center, and the middle is the command cabin driver's seat, with the command captain and the lunar module driver's seat on both sides.

During launch and return, astronauts must lie on their seats and can move in the small cabin for the rest of the time. There are also environmental control, life support, control instruments, communication equipment, life-saving supplies and supplies in the middle cabin.

The rear cabin is equipped with 10 attitude control engines, as well as control systems, computers, etc.

During flight, astronauts can use various instruments and attitudes in the cabin to control the engines to fully control and manipulate the entire spacecraft. The command module is also the only means of transportation for astronauts to return to Earth after the lunar exploration.

The service cabin is cylindrical and is a place to accommodate instruments and equipment. It uses the power, environment and propulsion systems in the cabin to provide necessary services to the spacecraft.

When two astronauts landed on the surface of the moon in the lunar module, it was piloted by an astronaut to orbit around the moon. When the spacecraft began to return to Earth and reenter the atmosphere, the service module's mission ended and was abandoned in space after being separated from the command module.

The service cabin is meter high, 4 meters in diameter, weighs about 25 tons, and is divided into 6 compartments around it, with main engine, fuel storage box, posture control, electrical systems, and three sets of hydrogen and oxygen batteries, water and oxygen.

The main engine is used for orbital transfer and orbital change maneuvering. The attitude control system consists of 16 small engines, which are used for attitude control, and for separation of spacecraft and rockets, docking between the lunar module and the command module, and separation of the command module and the service module.

The lunar module has a very strange shape, like an alien spider facing downward, consisting of two completely exclusive parts: the ascending section and the descending section. The entire cabin is about 7 meters high, 4 meters wide, and weighs 10 tons.

The ascending section is an irregular polygon. It is the cockpit of two astronauts during landing and taking off. The cabin can accommodate 2 people, but there is no seat and can only work while standing.

The descent section is like an octagonal large crawler, which is equipped with radar, landing engine and instruments used when the moon is moving. There are platforms and escalators on the front bracket, which facilitates astronauts to leave the cabin and land on the moon.

At the bottom are four legs supporting the lunar module, each leg has a disc-shaped sole with a diameter of 90 cm to prevent the lunar module from sinking on the moon.

The ascending section and the descending section are connected by explosion bolts. When the lunar module takes off from the moon, the explosion bolts explode, the ascending section leaves the descending section and flies away from the moon, and the descending section remains on the moon.

The Luna spacecraft was launched from launch to landing on the moon and then returning. The process was very complicated, including multiple separations, turnover, docking, reorganization and other actions. Astronauts traveled back and forth from the earth to the moon for six or seven days, and these problems were thanks to previous space drills.

In 1962, the Xihe project of the China Federation’s moon landing plan had reached its final moment. (To be continued...)

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