Chapter 209 Bullet Caliber
As an outsider, Zhong Yang did not interfere too much in scientific research plans. In more cases, he just proposed his own goals and then provided research equipment according to the suggestions and needs of technical workers. The ownership and functional management of the nine major research institutes have been divided, which is also the model advocated by Zhong Yang.
The same is true for the political system. The separation of power has become a necessity for the development of a social system. Taking the Super Generation Science and Technology Park as an analogy, Zhong Yang has ownership of the entire planning area, but in terms of management, he entrusts professionals to compete for jobs and be responsible for the operation of specific affairs.
The entire social system is similar to this. Citizens have sovereignty over the country, referred to as civil rights, but the specific administrative work is responsible for the government's functional departments. The Chief Executive will be decided by the election of the parliament. The current cabinet is composed of Li Wansheng, responsible for handling the daily affairs of the coalition government.
Due to the interference of Zhong Yang, Chen Ze and others, there are no political parties with distinct political propositions in the parliamentary system at present, but the phenomenon of mutual connection between various political groups with interest-related interests has been spreading.
Zhong Yang really has no favoritism for a civilian group like a political party, but he also knows that this phenomenon is difficult to eliminate. However, the Constitution also stipulates that political parties must not interfere in the military and judicial system, or even interfere in specific administration. In general, parliament has power but is incompetent, and the government has power but is not powerless.
In addition to the contradiction between people and land and the invasion of the Little Ice Age, the most critical reason for the demise of the Ming Dynasty was the infinite expansion of the civil servant group. The Donglin Party was one of the main forces that destroyed the Ming Dynasty. The party struggles to ruin the country.
Today's parliament and the various political parties that are about to emerge are actually important parts of the bureaucratic group. The other part is the cabinet and related administrative bureaucrats. The appointment and performance appraisal of low-level officials must all have this strict system, rather than the subjective decisions of superior leaders.
This is very important and is the fundamental difference between rule of man and rule of law.
However, the inertia of human feelings in the officialdom is also a phenomenon that is difficult to eliminate. But Zhong Yang is not worried at all. Occasional events and normal phenomena are not the same. When the water is clear, there is no fish, and when the people are careful, there is no disciple. He does not understand this point.
The current total investment amount of the Super Generation Science and Technology Park is difficult to count, because many projects were established by Zhong Yang through unknown means. However, the well-documented capital flow reached 25 million Huayuan, which is almost the equivalent silver dollar currency.
Here, we have to be amazed at the total amount of wealth that Zhong Yang has mastered. Just in one sentence, Yi Zhongming and Chen Ze and others will do their best to provide everything they need. This is not only the personal friendship of a few people, but also the huge benefits that smart factories can provide. Although Chen Ze and others also have their own research team, it is still difficult to compare with Zhong Yang.
Basically, Zhong Yang controls almost all patent ownership within the entire Guwen Society. And every time, he can come up with more current and unique technologies. Whether it is Tianyu Group, Xinhua News Agency and Qingzhu Chemical, they all rely on smart factories in key technical fields.
Zhong Yang did not have any large-scale economic industries. Almost all the functional units he controlled were related to research and education. The top ten research institutes, as well as many branch research institutions below, Nanhua University and other basic education departments acquired by the Guwen Society, are of uncountable value.
Relying solely on the collection of patent fees, the top ten research institutes can barely operate. Apart from paying scientists' wages and profit dividends, Zhong Yang basically does not have much expenditure projects. The research and development and manufacturing of equipment did not consume much money with the help of smart factories.
This place covering an area of 550,000 square meters has become the core of scientific research in the entire Nansha, and has gradually gained a certain position in the world's scientific field. After all, the intelligence departments of the great power countries are not just borers who know how to waste food, and the achievements of the Tianyu Group are difficult to cover up.
However, Zhong Yang had already prepared for this situation. A mere industrial park could at most attract some attention from the great powers. As for attracting strong enemies and being strangled in the cradle, it is unlikely. Nansha is right next to Hong Kong. This is the traditional sphere of influence of Britain and the essence of the British Empire's interests in East Asia.
Although the sun has not set, there are not many people who have pulled the tiger's beard. With the gentle attitude shown by the coalition government today, coupled with the interests of Tianyu Group and the British and the Sixth Department of the United Kingdom, the two sides are actually still in an alliance. No matter how fragile the relationship between this building is on money, it still has a considerable protective effect.
The major powers consumed a lot in the war and had not yet recovered their vitality. The only ones that could pose a de facto threat to the Nansha were the Soviet Union and Japan. The Soviet Union was far north and had no ability to affect this place. Japan was still strong, but their eyes were still aimed at the United States.
Moreover, in Japan, we are still concerned about the Manchuria-Mongolian interests in China and are also more despised by the situation in South China. Therefore, the rise of ancient Chinese will not encounter too many problems. At least in the next six years, this will continue. As for the future, it doesn’t matter.
As long as a large number of missile destroyers and new cruisers are launched, the era of giant cannon ships will be marked with a rest. One or several large anti-ship missiles only cost 300,000 yuan or even less, but they can sink a super battleship of the seven monarchs at the sea level.
This is the huge difference brought by technology. The industrialization era is about to usher in huge historical changes. Quantity and volume are difficult to overcome absolute quality. Unfortunately, except for a small number of Chinese senior executives in the Nansha, other humans in the world have not noticed this.
The pace of human civilization progress has been greatly advanced. But the blood the world has paid for this will not decrease. It can even be said that Zhong Yang is looking forward to the arrival of the second human war full of flames and blood. The new Chinese civilization will rise in the wailing sound of the world.
This is not revenge. The inevitable consequences of the unmoral free economic system in the West. The original sin of mankind can only be redeemed by war. As for Zhong Yang, his purpose is to save those who are willing to follow the banner of China. Saving mankind is the goal of Jesus and Buddha.
Since recently, Zhong Yang's daily life has basically been going back and forth between the two points and one line of the Science and Technology Park and Tianhai Pavilion. All major departments have just begun to operate, and many things must be directed by Zhong Yang to determine the strategies and guidelines.
The first thing today is that Zhong Yang spoke at the internal core meeting of the institute, announcing some things to pay attention to and the work regulations compiled one after another. As a private research institution, the Super Generation Science and Technology Park belongs to a highly confidential area of the coalition government.
Not to mention those who are engaged in scientific research here, even the cleaning staff in the toilets who are responsible for cleaning and hygiene will be checked to confirm the identity of their ancestors of the eighteen generations. They have families, settled here, and have a quiet personality, so they will be admitted. Because there are many things to pay attention to, even the cleaners have a salary of about 2.5 times that of similar industries.
However, if it involves espionage, it is not as simple as sending it to the police station, and it may even harm your family. Although it is a bit cruel or cruel, it is a means necessary for an organization to strictly enforce discipline and systems. People who do bad things must consider the consequences clearly. No matter what era, even the method of sitting is the most effective deterrent.
In a closed circular space, thick sandbags are piled around the walls of the interior, and there are paper targets used for shooting. Combining the functional attributes of this area, this place is undoubtedly a weapon test site.
Zhong Yang had a solemn face, and there were many scientific researchers standing next to him. Among them, two of them were headed by a cold face and clear glasses, and his eyes were a little proud. This young man was the director of the First Research Institute, specializing in the research and development of thermal weapons. Although he was young, he was only twenty-four years old, but he was talented and energetic, and led the entire department to engage in the development of various individual weapons.
The design and manufacturing of medium and lower caliber artillery cannons cannot be underestimated, and they are considered to be a capable general under Zhong Yang. Among them, the 22a assault rifle improved by the First Research Institute is very close to the later AK47, and the performance of each use is similar.
"President, there is still a lot of controversy in the selection of rifle bullets with a unified caliber. But at present, it is mainly about the three types of bullets with a 5 caliber." Wearing gold wire-framed glasses, tall, fair-faced, heroic and brave appearance, it is better to say that Changsheng is more like a arrogant warrior than a scientist.
In this era, small-caliber rifle bullets usually refer to less than 8mm, while Zhong Yang's customized standard is to call bullets with a diameter of less than 6mm as small-caliber. Correspondingly, small-caliber rifles refer to rifles with bullets with diameters less than 6mm, which have the characteristics of light weight and easy to control.
Because the early automatic rifles used the standard rifle ammunition of the time, they were too powerful and difficult to control and were relatively bulky when shooting continuously. As early as during World War I, the Russian Fedlov developed an automatic rifle with a smaller caliber than the standard rifle at that time to control the accuracy of continuous shooting, but unfortunately it failed to attract widespread attention.
The battle for bullet caliber has been around for a long time, but it has not yet been prominent. The reason why Zhong Yang paid attention to this matter in advance was also the experience gained from later generations.
Although miniaturization of bullet caliber is a trend, it is worth pondering how small it is. Don’t underestimate this matter. Bullet production can to a certain extent influence the outcome of war and the tilt of the situation.
Guns are the general term for all kinds of military guns and their supporting kits. Like the development of many other scientific and technological technologies, gun technology has developed rapidly since the emergence of the combstone gun, and it can be said to be endless until now. Although there are many types and uses of guns, they cannot fully meet the needs of future wars.
At present, weapons experts from the First Institute are exploring ways to develop and renew firearms. Some products have been put into use, and the research results have been widely applied to military equipment and have produced good results. The 22a assault rifle is one of the famous examples. As the world's first assault rifle put into use on a large scale, it will definitely have a huge impact on the world.
However, using the 7.62x39mm intermediate power bullet, many shortcomings have been summarized in years of practical training. First, the bullet caliber is too large and the recoil is strong, resulting in a significant decrease in accuracy during continuous shooting. Second, the gun's range is strong and unsatisfactory, making it difficult to shoot against the enemy from 300 meters away.
In the history of later generations, many people have drawn M16 from the Vietnam War to think that AK47 has strong firepower, but it is not the case. The M16 bullet has a small bullet caliber and strong pause power, so it is more lethal to the human body than AK47. AK47 has a strong penetration and lacks pause power, so it often penetrates the human body without killing it.
However, the bullets of AK47 in the jungle battlefield will not be sucked by wood. Because the bullet diameter is small, the m16 is easily sucked by wood, and the early m16 has poor reliability, so the US military lost m16 and picked AK47. In fact, if reinforced concrete is used, the penetration of m16 is stronger than that of AK47.
In Vietnam, there is no need for such high accuracy, so AK is popular. If it is far away, for example, 300 meters, there will basically be no fool who will throw m16 and pick aK47.
"Have all the relevant performance experiments been done?" In response to this question, Zhong Yang also seemed unusually cautious.
"Yes, it has been all completed. At present, the motorized and highly mobile war model has not yet been formed. Infantry direct firefighting is mostly long-range shooting, and the combat distance is mostly 300 meters away. Therefore, it is not recommended to use bullets with too small caliber and medium caliber power rifle bullets, which are required in the next few decades."
The words of Changsheng caused Zhong Yang to think deeply. In fact, some of the statements of Changsheng also had errors. Because there were a lack of a large number of continuous weapons as the pillar of firepower, the actual wars in Asia usually mainly focus on close-killing hand-to-hand combat. Even in the European battlefield where weapons are more advanced, the situation of short-killing battles is not uncommon.
"If you reduce the caliber of the bullet, it will indeed reduce a lot of logistics pressure. But in medium and long-distance shooting, I still hope to maintain a certain accuracy." Zhong Yang's words are mainly aimed at the 5.56mm bullet caliber of NATO in later generations.
The killing effect of a small-caliber bullet depends on the kinetic energy of the bullet when hitting the human body: the distance is too far, the speed is reduced, the kinetic energy is insufficient, and it is difficult to cause rolling, and the killing effect is greatly reduced; the distance is too close, the bullet is too stable, and it is too late to cause rolling to penetrate the human body, and the killing effect must also be reduced.
Later Allied forces encountered both Afghanistan and Iraq. In contrast, full-caliber bullets do not rely on rolling and killing, and are easier to balance between penetration and lethality. At that time, the small-caliber rifle was 50 years old, but the small-caliber rifle of the British army only started in 1986. Veterans who participated in the Cambridge War still remember the power of the 7.62mm NATO bomb, and they hated the insufficient power of the 5.56mm bullet on the battlefield in Afghanistan, which became a sound that strongly demanded the power of the rifle bullet.
The direct consequence of insufficient killing effect of small-caliber bullets is that it requires multiple hits to cause effective killing. Small-caliber bullets are light in weight and carry a large amount of individual soldiers, but if multiple hits are always required to ensure killing, the actual continuous combat power has not been improved. The need for multiple hits also adds additional risks to the soldiers. Equipping a 7.62mm weapon in the infantry squad can partially solve this problem, but at a typical combat distance of 300 to 900 meters, the fnmag machine gunner and the l129 sniper rifle can effectively fight, while other people using 5.56mm weapons can only watch from the side.
It is not enough to replace all infantry squads with 7.62mm weapons. Old problems such as the reduction in shooting accuracy caused by large recoils have emerged again. For this reason, Zhong Yang learned from this. After following the suggestions of relevant staff of the First Institute, he decided to use 6.5mm caliber bullets as the standard.
Only after the emergence of motorized and modern war modes, will the direct firefighting of infantry become mostly close-killing, and the combat distance is getting shorter, and the victory of close combat depends entirely on morale and firepower advantages.
Therefore, small-caliber pneumatic machine guns with light weight, high accuracy and strong lethality will have great advantages in the future. However, at present, 7.62m caliber pneumatic machine guns are still mainly used by countries around the world. The pistol has not solved the problem that the bullet stops after hitting the target, even if the enemy loses combat power and the invasion performance are difficult to improve simultaneously, so it has not developed toward small-caliber pneumatic.
After all, the hand-to-hand charge tactics are not the mainstream, and medium- and long-range shooting still dominates. Moreover, for the purpose of reducing casualties of soldiers, Zhong Yang does not advocate close-range shooting. It is necessary to curb and eliminate the enemy with its powerful firepower output and medium- and long-range weapon performance advantages.
In order to better prepare for professional wars, Zhong Yang asked to conduct serialization, generalization and gun-horse research on the structure of guns half a century earlier in the system. Among them, the standard caliber of the unified bullet is the most critical link, which concerns whether the gun equipment can form a unified series.
In the Southern Army system that Zhong Yang can influence, the withdrawal of traditional submachine guns and the integration of crawlers has become the development trend of new individual combat weapons. The new gun family he envisions is both an offensive weapon and a light support weapon, which can kill and damage points, and also has a certain ability to deal with low-altitude targets.
Zhong Yang also made general requirements for the formation of the gun race, and it must achieve the unified structure and type of weapons of the same level, the main components can be interchanged and the use of ammunition types, so as to facilitate maintenance work. Not only that, this can also effectively reduce the types of ammunition used in squads, reduce the burden on soldiers, and repair faulty weapons at any time and anywhere, greatly improving mobility, service and economy, especially on the battlefield, effectively ensuring the improvement of combat effectiveness.
A small bullet and ordinary gun series research and development largely influenced the overall military strength of the entire Southern Army. This is the charm after the industrial age. Compared with the past, the role of strategy was greatly reduced, and logistics factors had a larger impact on the outcome of the war.
Zhong Yang naturally understood this very well, so he personally paid attention to the progress of the situation...
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