The guide to Tang Chuan: The woman in the family is really uneducated and actually sat on a chair!

Today we continue to go out shopping.

You, who have traveled through time to become a family of royal families, rode a horse and a servant in Chang'an City on a sunny day in spring and Jingming. When you go to the door of someone, you ask the guardian to report it. After a while, the host greets each other and bows to each other, enter the hall, and sit down with the guests and guests.

Wait, although the owner said "Please sit, please sit," you looked around. Where is the chair in the huge main hall?

If you were in the prosperous Tang Dynasty before the Anshi Rebellion, there were only a few flat and short square tables on the shiny wooden floor, with mats and mattresses on the table, this is the "couch" you were asked to sit on. If the owner you visited has a relatively quiet family or a retro lover, you may not even have a couch, and you will lose several seats on the floor, please.

I had no choice but to grit my teeth (with the help of my servants) you took off your shoes, put on socks, walked to the couch or seat, and gave in a humble manner, kneeled down on your knees, pressed your calves and ankles, and sat upright - Oh, it was so uncomfortable.

This kind of kneeling, sitting in a straight face is the most solemn and dignified sitting posture. In formal occasions, if you want to sit in front of the elders, you can only be so self-abuse. If your elders and superiors are willing to slap you, they can also keep sitting posture while nagging and urging, and watch your legs pressing on blood vessels, causing your waist and knees to be sore and dizzy. They fall down once a while, and fall down again once a while until they faint until they faint.

If you want to avoid this painful experience, you'd better hurry up and get close to the owner in front of you. The flattering words are enough. Before you kneel down and faint, the owner kindly suggests that we should be familiar with each other and be loose (I'm so tired of sitting).

So both sides changed their sitting posture, pulled their legs out of their bodies, and crossed them in front of them, which was for "sitting in a humble manner" or "sitting in a cross-legged manner", just like the sitting posture of the statues of the great Bodhisattvas in Buddhism. For most ancient people, sitting cross-legged meditation was already a relatively relaxed and comfortable posture. If you sit on a bed or stay on the ground for a few hours, the pear will not be big.

Unfortunately, you are not a real ancient person. You are a modern person who has just walked through and is used to sitting in a chair.

After talking politely with the master for a while, your buttocks hurt, your waist became sore, and you couldn't help but feel embarrassed. The master saw it and clapped his hands and asked the servant to give you a few.

What is it?

You see the master's servant bringing a wooden product like a small stool. There is a narrow wooden board on top and two or three legs below. It may be a straight-square guy, or it may be a semi-circular arc that can just surround your waist. The servant puts this thing on your couch or seat, and pays attention to it in front of you. You lie forward, put your arms on, and lean your whole body against this "limited" - Oh, it's really comfortable.

In the Middle Ages, people's body center of gravity was used to pressing forward, so the "spot" was usually placed in front of them. Of course, if you are tired of lying forward and want to change the center of gravity, and the owner doesn't mind, you can also move thespot to the side and lean against them. There was also a kind of cloth made of cloth in the Tang Dynasty, similar to the modern pillow, which can also be used to lean against, but that one is more private and less serious. Generally, the owner who meets for the first time will not take it out to entertain guests.

If you have a more harmonious conversation with your master, and you wish you were too late to meet, and you would occasionally laugh and even start calling your brothers, you can move your legs quietly while he is not paying attention, hang down on the edge of the bed, or curl up with one leg and one leg, like some people sitting on a chair. This posture of sitting with your feet hanging down on the edge of the bed is a very intimate, relaxed and casual body language. The master may feel that "we are no longer outsiders", or you may think that you, a kid, dare to offend me - just bet on RP.

The chat was at dinner time, and the host said he wanted to keep you for dinner together.

In the traditional way of politeness, if you two eat indoors, the host will place a small rectangular table slightly higher than the couch in front of each person's bed. The staple food of wine, dishes and food are divided according to the ingredients of the person, and the food they eat in front of each person in turn. The wealthy families with big money will also invite guests to accompany them to eat, and order the family-raised genius to play music, singing and dancing in the center of the restaurant, so that guests can enjoy material civilization while enjoying spiritual civilization.

However, in this spring day with bright eyes filled with the fragrance of flowers and plants, the owner enthusiastically suggested: Let's bring in a few friends and go for a picnic outdoors.

To be simple, put a table of wine and food in the back garden of the owner's house to enjoy the flowers and have fun; to be more fashionable and petty, then we go to Qujiangchi, the largest wild nature park in the city, and even go out to Chang'an City to the shore of Weishui in the suburbs and at the foot of Zhongnan Mountain. In spring, in these hot picnic areas, there are surrounded barrier curtains of nobles from each family, and there are aristocratic men and women who come out to get close to nature.

If there are female relatives in the group, after choosing a picnic spot, the servants will take action and use the surround curtain to surround the place, or cover three sides, leaving a river, flowers and trees to enjoy the scenery. If all the men are free and easy, just remove the stuffy things like the surround curtain.

Of course, the consequence of not having to surround the curtain is that a bunch of villagers and beggars may attract intensive attention...

Ignore them, everyone has arrived, and the food and drink are ready. Let’s sit down and have a banquet... Well, where to sit...?

Similarly, if the owner is a straightforward and simple retro enthusiast, the mat and blanket will be laid out, and each person will have their seats set. Or if it is more advanced, give each person a "Hu**", which is the "masto" that we are still commonly used in modern times. Everyone sits in a small stool, puts a table in front of them, and eats their own meals while watching the scenery and chatting.

Before the Tang Dynasty, people who traveled outings came like this, but after entering the Tang Dynasty, the west wind spread eastward, and the people felt that this "eating and eating" sharing system was not lively and joyful enough. Therefore, the most popular dinner party in the Tang Dynasty became like this:

A large and large high-foot table is basically no different from our current dining table. Everyone's meals are placed on the table. There are three wide, long and large seats placed next to the table. You can call them "couch" according to the traditional rules. The author thinks it is the most intuitive and intuitive. After entering the table, guests sit around the bench next to the table. Those who are etiquette can sit cross-legged and sit freely and relaxed, and those who are not polite and dare not be free and easy to hang their legs... In short, everyone gathered together to eat the food in the plates and bowls on the table together, from "sharing food" to "combination food", and continue to this day.

The above is about the scene of having dinner outside. You played with friends for a day and went home drunk at night. The wife at home greeted her with a smile on her face: Thank you, do you have a hard time? Should you kneel on the iron mat or kneel on the mat or sit on the podium? Choose yourself...

Well, regarding seating, in the inner room of wealthy families in the early Tang Dynasty, in addition to sitting, sitting, and sitting, there was also a common modern pole, either porcelain or wood, barrel or crescent shape, which was considered to be the earliest high-foot seating. Women in the family usually sat cross-legged when sitting on couch, mat, and mat. Only when using this pole, can they lower their legs and stretch their blood.

However, the power of customs is powerful. From the late Tang Dynasty to the Song Dynasty, even though high tables and backrests had been widely popularized, the social etiquette system still generally believed that the most dignified and regular sitting posture was still the most uncomfortable kneeling method. Secondly, sitting cross-legged and sitting down on the feet revealing the lines of the legs. Especially for women who are harsh in the etiquette system, sitting down on the feet in front of outsiders is a manifestation of poor tutoring (convex-convex).

In short, the Tang Dynasty was an era of transition from low-foot furniture such as sitting, seats, and low-foot furniture to high-foot furniture such as tables and chairs. In the early days, it was mainly low-foot furniture such as couches, **, and tables. You can basically not see chairs with long-legged backs. When it was approaching the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, chairs with backs and high-legged tables were considered popular in the whole society. However, even then, even in the Song Dynasty and Ming Dynasties, the "couch" for people to sit cross-legged, and was still widely used in all walks of life. Now, the "arhat**" that is popular in the mahogany furniture market is a "couch" for people to sit cross-legged.

Therefore, in some ancient costume TV dramas, no matter which dynasty in the Han, Tang and Three Kingdoms, tables, chairs, benches and benches fly randomly. It is certainly a random fabrication; but some serious dramas that are known as "documentary style" are too retro and rejuvenated. In the palace in the Kaiyuan period of Zhenguan, they were still sitting on the floor and sleeping on the floor mat, which is also a misleading method. Although short-foot furniture is short, it is also "furniture". Pure natural wood environmental protection technology with materials and architecture is purely handmade. Our ancestors were not as poor as the Japanese sticks, from the palace to the folk, they solved the problem of sleeping ╮(╯_╰)╭

This article is attached to the picture: Murals of a picnic on a Tang Dynasty outing on an outing

This article mainly reference books & in-depth understanding recommendations: "Sitting and Diet of Dunhuang people of the Tang and Five Dynasties from the Mogao Grottoes Murals" by Gao Qi'an

The guide to the deer version of Tang Shuai: Kill the Nine Clans? Pull it out and cut it? Are you always playing "passionate sentencing"?

Today we will have a more difficult time travel.

You calmed down and your mind was united. When you closed your eyes, you passed through with a "biu". Open your eyes and found that there were a few tied people kneeling in front of you, and there were yamen runners standing on both sides. In addition to yourself, there were also several hypocritical senior officials sitting in the hall, listening to people's statements together.

You are considered to be quick to react and have strong adaptability, and you will soon understand that you are so desperate that you are an official from the Tang Dynasty's Ministry of Justice who is being tried.

There is no way, hurry up and check the case file and figure out what it is. It doesn’t matter, but the one under trial is actually a rebellion case!

You, patriotic and loyal to the emperor, look at the criminals' lawless and deceitful behaviors recorded in the case file, and your blood is rising, and you are angry and cursed: "Mom Xipi! It's out of this! Pull the main culprit out and cut it alive! Kill his nine clans! No one of them is allowed to keep alive!"

As soon as he said this, everyone in the hall looked at you with the eyes of rare birds and beasts. The servant you (the one who traveled through the upper body) quickly ran out to invite the doctor. The judge kindly announced that he would go to the court for a while and that the three officials would discuss it.

Several officials transferred to the back hall, and there may be someone who is straightforward and come to ask you:

"Your Majesty wants to fight against evil?"

Damn, aren’t we all trying to rebel together? Why did I become a rebellion?

That said, you don’t want to rebel and become an emperor, so how do you express the words “slaying the nine clans” and “pulling them out and cutting them out”? We are civil servants, and we must act according to the law when trialing and sentenced cases. In several thick volumes of "Yonghui Rules Commentary" (called "Tang Rules Commentary" in later generations), where can you "slay the nine clans" be "slaying them alive"? This kind of extrajudicial punishment is an abusive punishment, even if the emperor is angry and orders to be implemented, we ministers should advise and stop them. Are you crazy today and shouting about this in public?

If you are smart enough, it is best to answer this time - yes, I was confused and had a ill-hearted illness for a while, and I need to go home to rest - stay up late and make up for the laws of the Tang Dynasty (〒﹏〒)

High-difficulty travel is a test of people, haha?

In fact, the types of punishments in the Tang Dynasty were not complicated. There were only five types if you said too much, and there were only three types if you said less: spanking, exile, and hard labor, and beheading.

If you hit the span, you will hit the span at least ten times, and you will hit the span at most one hundred times, and the middle is divided into ten levels. If you hit ten times, twenty times... to fifty times, it is called "fighting", and if you hit sixty times to one hundred times, it is called "stuming punishment". You are not allowed to hit too much, and you will hit more often... "whipping corpse"... you are not allowed to hit illegal integers, and no one is willing to "fight thirty-seven" and "sixty-six" of the prisoner.

Demoted to slaves and to do hard labor is called "imprisonment", which is often used together with "exile punishment (exile to a distant place). The imprisonment is divided into five levels, namely, hard labor for one year, one and a half years, two years, two and a half years, and three years.

"Liuzheng" is divided into three levels, namely, exiled for two thousand miles, two thousand five hundred miles, and three thousand miles.

There are only two types of "death penalty": hanging, strangling a person with a rope, because a whole body can be left is a lighter death penalty; beheading and cutting off the head is a heavier death penalty.

The only legal punishments in the Tang Dynasty were the above. In addition, those are the ones that clamp fingers, cutting ears, cutting hands and feet, peeling and cutting, burning on the platform, drowning in sinking water, and being beaten by three cannons...all are "lynchings" that are extrajudicial, and you can't see these in formal court documents.

What, what are you asking? - I know that I can't cut people, but why can't I kill the nine clans? Isn't this a very ancient punishment?

Well, the author has never studied the punishments before the Tang Dynasty. Let’s not discuss the various illegal lynchings in the Tang Dynasty for the time being. Let’s talk about the legal punishments stipulated in the "Tang Law Commentary". The most serious ten evils are the "treason", and the punishment is nothing more than: the beheading of the main criminal, the father and adult son of the main criminal were hanged, and relatives within the "three tribes" were implicated and confiscated property or exiled, that’s all.

You said your mind was a little confused? Oh, let’s take a look at a specific case. For example, the case file you have in your hand can be a crime involving a wide range of crimes.

The cause of this rebellion case was that two gangsters in Yongningfang, Wannian County, Chang'an City, were caught by a passing policeman (Wuhou) and sent to the official.

Of course, a small matter like fighting will not alarm the central judicial organs such as the Ministry of Justice, Dali Temple, etc., and even Jingzhaoyin (Mayor of Chang'an City) and Wannian County Magistrate (Mayor of Wannian District, Chang'an City) may not be too lazy to deal with it. Wang Wu, the "Fa Cao Joined the Army" of Wannian County (Assistant of the District Mayor in charge of judicial affairs) said: both of them were only slightly bloody and were not seriously injured, but Zhang Asan copied bricks and had a stick of sixty when fighting; **Li Sinu beat him empty-handed, and he used no weapon to beat him forty, and he beat him forty, and he finished his butt.

Zhang A-san went home one after another, and thought that he had been beaten twenty more than Li Sinu, and was so angry that he found Wang Chanjun the next day and reported: "Li Sinu is not a good guy. A few days ago, I saw him bringing property to his house with others at night, either stolen or stolen."

Since someone reported it, the county was not willing to ignore it, so it sent some urban management assistants (the people called "** people" O_o in the Tang Dynasty) to search Li Sinu's house. In fact, no one took it seriously. Even if some stolen goods were found in the Li family, as long as they were not worth five pieces of silk, they would just beat Li Sinu again.

Unexpectedly, **The people came back, and they all looked bad and their mouths were crooked. Seeing this, Wang Wu asked with a smile: "It seems that this kid Li Sinu really stole a lot of things? More than five pieces of silk? Then he would have to be a year's pupil. It's nothing he had to do hard labor. The punishment above the "pass" was punished by the county magistrate or even Jingzhao Yin, and he had to send it to Dali Temple for a judgment. It was so troublesome. Li Sinu really deserves to die."

**People look at me, I look at you, and some people say silently: "Well, what he stole is more valuable than five pieces of silk."

Wang Chanjun frowned: "No, steal a foot of silk sticks and sixty, and steal one more than ten more sticks... Steal five silk sticks for a year, ten and a half, and fifteen silk sticks for two years... Steal thirty silk sticks and exil to two thousand miles, steal 50 silk sticks and three thousand miles and two years of hard labor. This is the highest sentence for the crime of theft. How much did Li Sinu steal?"

** people said: "He stole a dragon robe."

“……………………”

The case was reported to Wannian County Magistrate, the county magistrate reported to Jingzhao Yin, and Jingzhao Yin reported to Dali Temple. It was of great importance. Dali Temple also reported to the Prime Minister for the report of the Ming Emperor, designated officials from the Ministry of Justice and the Censorate, and worked with the officials of the Dali Temple to conduct the "Three Departments Trials". You have traveled through the upper body, and then you participated in the case.

While investigating and interrogating, Li Sinu was tortured ("This killing material is really useless. You can get it for twenty throes. You can get it for three times. A total of 200 will be beaten!" An official from Dali Temple commented), and all confessed to the number of accomplices, one of whom was the slave of the noble official Shao Lurou, who was responsible for guarding the Shao family's warehouse. The dragon robe and other property were all stolen from the Shao family.

The theft case of Li Sinu and his gang has been tried clearly at this point, and the next step of the investigation focus will be Shao Lurou's privately built dragon robe rebellion case. Before that, let's take a clear punishment of all kinds of people involved in the Li Sinu case.

The main culprit Li Sinu and several others stole fake dragon robes and gold and silver utensils, worth more than fifty pieces of silk, each of whom was exiled to three thousand miles and labour for two years. At the same time, they confiscated property from their property that was equivalent to twice the value of the stolen goods;

Li Sinu hid stolen goods and was punished separately, but the above-mentioned punishment for theft crime has reached the upper limit and no additional sentence will be imposed;

A thief appeared in Yongning Fangfang. The Lizheng (the director of the street office) of the house should have been flogged fifty times. Because he solved the case within thirty days, Lizheng was exempted from punishment;

The first person Zhang A San can get a reward. Li Sinu and others were fined and confiscated, which amounted to double the stolen goods, and the remaining one was left, and the people who worked hard to catch the stolen goods were given as rewards.

Zhang A San kowtowed happily and led the reward and left. Li Sinu cried and packed up his things to serve his sentence. The following can try the case of Shao Lurou's private dragon robe.

Originally, if Shao had just sewed a dragon robe and even stole it and played cos, it would not be considered "rebellion". The execution of "the crime of stealing carriage clothes and controlling objects" was only exiled for 2,500 miles. However, as the investigation deepened, it was found that this man not only made a dragon robe, but also made crowns, ritual instruments, chariots, weapons, armor... He privately raised a bunch of horses, warriors and counselors, made plans to assassinate the emperor to change the dynasty, contacted the officials outside the capital, and drew a map of military operations...

Simply put, if this person is not classified as a rebellion, the author will not give up... So the officials who were tried in the Three Divisions submitted a sentence and the emperor approved "Yiyi". According to the Tang Dynasty's laws, the sentences are as follows:

The criminal Shao Lurou cut off his head and said nothing. His father and son (first-class relatives) were to be hanged according to the law. His mother, daughter, wives, concubines, daughters-in-law, grandchildren, brothers, sisters (second-class relatives), should be confiscated as official slaves, and his family property should also be confiscated as official property.

But if we look at the specific details, there are many other situations. For example, the main culprit has three sons, Shao Da, Shao Er and Shao San, among which Shao Da, Shao Er is already sixteen years old, so he will have to hang him. Shao San is less than fifteen years old and can be exempted from death and be demoted to an official slave;

The main culprit's mother, Shao Gu, is over 60 years old, and can be exempted from punishment and take away a piece of his own property and set up a house to live. His father Shao Guike is more miserable. A man must be over 80 years old to avoid punishment. He is less than age... If he meets a soft-hearted law enforcement officer who is willing to issue a certificate of "death disease (the highest level of old, sick, disabled)" to Shao Guike's physical condition, he can also be exempted from punishment and leave with his property.

The main culprit has two daughters. The eldest daughter has been married and has received a betrothal gift. Even if she is a husband's family, she can be exempted from punishment. She will get her own dowry from the property of the official and get married. The youngest daughter has not been allowed to marry yet. Unfortunately, she has to go into the court to become an official maid.

In addition, the uncle, aunt, nephew, nieces (third-class relatives) of the main culprit Shao Lurou will be exiled for three thousand miles according to the law. Shao's uncle complained, saying that his family and the main culprit have been separated and they will not share the wealth. That's good, you want to be exiled, but your family's property can be taken away without the income official.

This is the most severe "legal punishment" in the Tang Dynasty.

You may feel that it is not enough... It doesn't matter. In addition to legal punishments, illegal lynching and indiscriminate punishment have always existed in all walks of life, but with the different trends of the times, the severity is different.

For example, no emperor of all dynasties dared to slap my chest to ensure that I am obedient to the public and law-abiding forever; officials at all levels will inevitably make more slaughter and force them to confess. If they encounter cruel officials like Zhou Xinglai Junchen, the prisoner can only complain that he is suffering but wants to die quickly; ordinary nobles and even civilians will lynch their own slaves.

Lynching was an act that could not be extinct in the Tang Dynasty, but was always criticized and criticized. There were various provisions in the Tang Dynasty that restricted officials and masters from abused lynching, and they would be sentenced if they violated the law. Although there was no effective supervision and control method for the emperor's abuse of punishment, most ministers and historians were negative when discussing this matter, and some people directly spit on the emperor.

If you want to deepen your understanding of this, I suggest that you adjust the coordinates and travel accurately to the Tai Chi Palace on a certain month and day of the first month of the Zhenguan year, and you will probably see a pair of monarchs and ministers quarreling for public punishment and lynching.

Li Er, who was furious, said: "I have already told the world that all those who dare to forge resumes to apply for officials will be killed. Meow finally caught a typical example, but you only sentenced him to exile! Are you slapped me in the face in person???"

Dai Zhou rolled his eyes: "If you catch the forger and lynch him on the spot, I will be fine. Now that you have handed this person over to our judicial authorities for trial, we will of course be sentenced according to national laws - they are all playing passionate punishment like you, what will this country be like?"

Li Er: "...Okay, just slap the face... Anyway, I've been beaten into a meat bun's face T_T"

This article is attached to the picture: Text of the Tang Dynasty judgment unearthed from Turpan, Xinjiang

This article mainly reference books & in-depth understanding recommendations: "Tang Lu Shu Yi Xin Notes" written by Qian Daqun
To be continued...