The administrative institutions of the Tang Dynasty inherited the Sui Dynasty and took the three provinces and six ministries as the core. On this basis, based on historical conventions and experience, some institutions with execution, supervision, attendants or other functions were derived, and jointly formed the Tang Dynasty's official system.

The government decision-making and executive body of the Tang Dynasty were the three provinces of the Secretariat, the ministry of the Secretariat. In general, the Secretariat was responsible for issuing edicts. In the Tang Dynasty, the Secretariat was once called the Secretariat, Xitai, Fengge and Ziwei Province. The Secretariat was usually the prime minister and participated in the decision-making of military and national affairs. His subordinate Secretariat was the deputy of the Secretariat in the early Tang Dynasty. He was appointed as the prime minister during the rebellion of Emperor Gaozong of Tang and Empress Wu. This situation became a routine after the Anshi Rebellion, so the Secretariat actually separated from the daily affairs of the Secretariat.

The most important work of drafting the edict in the Secretariat was mainly actually responsible for the Central Secretariat in the Tang Dynasty. The Secretariat had six members and also responsible for the secretarial affairs of the prime minister's meeting. Since drafting the edict was of great importance, it actually involved in military and national affairs, which not only required high literary talents, but also had good political talents. Therefore, the Tang Dynasty attached great importance to the position of the Secretariat in the position of the Secretariat in the Tang Dynasty, and was regarded as the highest position for literary scholars. In addition, the Secretariat also set up two living servants to record the emperor's words and deeds and content of the edicts; sixteen members of the Secretariat were responsible for the court etiquette and conveying edicts; the right cavalry was always attending the right cavalry, the right censor, the right supplementary court, the right picker and the right picker to criticize and suggest the state affairs.

Menxia Province was once called Dongtai, Luantai and Huangmen Province in the Tang Dynasty. It was responsible for deliberation and refutation of edicts, that is, it had the power to return the emperor's edict and reject the memorials of the ministers. This power was actually mainly exercised by the officials of the Menxia Province in the Tang Dynasty, and four people were generally set up for the officials. The ministers of the Menxia Province and the deputy chiefs of the Menxia Province usually also served as prime minister. Although the imperial edicts were reviewed and signed as usual, they rarely exercised the power of refutation. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang, Li Yi was appointed as the minister of the Huangmen (i.e. the ministers of the Menxia Province). "Yi was in the disciples and many refutations were formal. In the early Kaiyuan period, Yao Chong was appointed as the minister of Ziwei, and recommended Yi as the minister of Ziwei.

The outside entrusting the recommendation of wise men is actually led by oneself to remove the power of refuting. It can be seen that the Minister of the Ministry of Internal Affairs exercises the right to refute. Due to his high position, he has a certain effect on the issuance of the edicts of the Secretariat (Ziwei Province), so that the Chief of the Secretariat also has to be concerned about it. Like the Secretariat, the Secretariat, the Secretariat, the Secretariat, the Secretariat, the Secretariat, the Secretariat, the Secretariat, the Secretariat, the Secretariat, the Secretariat, the Secretariat, the Secretariat, the Secretariat, and the Secretariat, the Secretariat, the Secretariat, the Secretariat, and the Secretariat, the Secretariat also set up two Julangs, responsible for the records of the court's political affairs and the records of the emperor's words and deeds and edicts.

In order to facilitate the progress of decision-making activities, the Zhongshu and Menxia provinces also set up some subordinate institutions and official positions. The more important ones are: Jixiandian Academy, a subordinate of the Zhongshu Province and Hongwenguan, a subordinate of Menxia Province. These two institutions have a large collection of books, which are of the nature of a royal library and can be used for reference by the emperor, prime minister and other officials. The History Museum was originally a Menxia Province, but later a Central Secretariat, which is responsible for the compilation of national history. Fu Baolang, a subordinate of Menxia Province, and is responsible for the management of various seals and appraisals.

The Shangshu Province was the highest administrative institution in the country in the Tang Dynasty. In the early years of the Tang Dynasty, the Shangshu Provincial Chief Zuo Pushe was the prime minister, so the Shangshu Provincial was both the decision-making body of the court and the highest administrative body. However, by the redistribution of power within the dynasty, the Shangshu Provincial was excluded from the prime minister, so the Shangshu Provincial became a simple administrative body of the court. The general office of the Shangshu Provincial Provincial Secretary was called the Dushen, "in charge of the rules and regulations of the various departments and the procedures of the hundreds of officials". It was responsible for the review, issuance and archive of various documents of the Shangshu Provincial Secretary, and guided the work of the six ministries. The affairs of the Dushen Provincial Secretary were in charge of the Shangshu Provincial Secretary Zuo Cheng, the Left and Left and Left and Left and Yuanwailang. The Chief Zuo Pushe, after the middle of the Tang Dynasty, became honorary titles awarded to ministers and was not specifically responsible for the daily affairs of the Shangshu Provincial Secretary.

The Ministry of Religion has six ministries, including officials, households, rituals, military, punishment and work. Each ministries has four ministries under its jurisdiction, which are a total of twenty-four ministries. The Ministry of Personnel is mainly responsible for the selection, examination, title and award of officials; the Ministry of Religion is mainly responsible for household registration, land, taxes, warehousing and municipal affairs; the Ministry of Religion is mainly responsible for the imperial examinations, etiquette and sacrifice; the Ministry of War is mainly responsible for the management and training of the army; the Ministry of Justice is mainly responsible for the criminal prison and financial audit: the Ministry of Works is mainly responsible for the national civil engineering, military farming, and water conservancy. The heads of the six ministries are the Secretary of the Ministry of Religion.

The deputy chief is the minister of each department, and the chief of each department is the doctor of each department, and the deputy chief is the minister of each department. The task of the six departments and twenty-four departments of the Shangshu Province is to inherit the edicts issued by the emperor and the prime minister and other highest decision-making groups, formulate them as specific implementation decrees, and then issue them to the nine temples and five supervisors of the imperial court and local prefectures, prefectures and counties in detail. In addition, the six departments are also responsible for inspecting and handling general administrative affairs declared by various departments of the court and local prefectures to the Shangshu Province. Therefore, the Taichang and Guanglu of the imperial court

Weiwei, Zongzheng, Taipu, Dali, Honglu, Siong, Taifu Jiushu, as well as the Imperial Palace, Shaofu, military weapons, generals, and the Five Supervisors of Dushui were actually subordinate affairs agencies that accepted the orders of the Shangshu Province. As the historian of the Tang Dynasty, Su Mian said: "The Nine Temples, the Three Supervisors... are the officials of the kings who are diligent in order to serve the ministry. The Shangshu approved the old rules and regulations to promulgate them." The chief of the Jiushu was called Qing, and the general was called Jiuqing, and his deputy was Shaoqing and the chief of the Imperial Palace. The chief of the Imperial Palace was called Jijiu: the chief of the Dushuijian was called Jijiu.

The envoy; the young ministers, who are the chiefs of military weapons, are called supervisors. The scope of power of the Jiu Temple and the Five Supervisors is the six ministries of the Shangshu Province, and has a roughly fixed correspondence with the six ministries. According to the Tang Dynasty, "Stories, the envoys, and the world prefectures have affairs, and the orders are approved to join the Shenshu Province, and the Shenshu Province will first take the severance" and "and then implement it". The various departments here refer to the Jiu Temple, the Supervisors, the guards, and the provincial departments refer to the six ministries of the Shangshu Province. This shows the key position of the Shangshu Province in the early Tang Dynasty in the state administrative system.

In order to make the official system work effectively and normally, in addition to establishing various systems related to decision-making and administrative agencies, it is also necessary to effectively supervise and restrict officials at all levels. To this end, the Tang Dynasty inherited the system of the previous dynasty and established the Censorate to supervise the implementation of state government orders by administrative agencies at all levels, and to reprimand and impeach officials who violate the laws and regulations of the court, that is, "correct the crimes of all officials with the criminal code." The chief of the Censorate of the Tang Dynasty was the Censorate and the deputy chief was the Censor Central Chief. After the middle of the Tang Dynasty, the position of the Censor Central Chief was the high and was not often set up, and the Censor Central Chief became the actual Censor Central Chief.

The subordinate institutions of the Censorate are the Taiyuan, the Dianyuan and the Censorate, respectively, which are served by the Censor, the Dianzhong Censor and the Supervisor, and are collectively called the Censor of the Three Censors. The Tang Dynasty stipulated that the Censor of the Censor of the Secretariat set up four people, whose main responsibilities are to pick and impeach hundreds of officials and participate in the interrogation of major cases. Among them, the most senior one is also responsible for handling the daily affairs of the Censor of the Censor of the Censorate. The Censor of the Palace has six people, who are mainly in charge of the sequence shifts of the officials' attendance to the emperor, and are responsible for the left and right patrols of the capital and picking illegal matters within the jurisdiction of his jurisdiction. The Censor of the Supervisor of the Censor of the Censor of the People's Republic of China have ten people, which are mainly responsible for the

The responsibility is to "secretize all the officials, inspect prefectures and counties, correct criminal prisons, and clean up court rituals", and the responsibilities are even more numerous. However, in terms of the main responsibilities of the censor, the most important is to conduct division and inspection. The so-called division and inspection refer to supervising the six ministries of the Secretariat and can attend the Secretariat meeting. The sub-inspection is to go on a mission to inspect local prefectures and counties, and record and report "one of the officials, political customs, diseases of the neighbors, floods and droughts, and injuries from various places." Judging from the powers of the Censorate, although it is very complicated, its main responsibility is to supervise the entire official system and impeach illegal officials.

In the Tang Dynasty's court official system, the two provinces of the Secretariat, the Secretariat, the six ministries of the Secretariat, the Nine Temples and the Five Supervisors, and the Censorate together formed a complete system of government decision-making, one execution and one supervision system, which was the core organization of the Tang Dynasty. In addition to these core organizations, there were a series of auxiliary organizations, mostly royal court institutions, and directly served the royal court. They mainly included the secretary, the three eunuchs in the hall, and the officials of the East Palace. Although the first three institutions were also called "province", their status was actually equal to that of the temple supervisor. Their chiefs were also called "supervisors" and the deputy chiefs were called "shao supervisors".

The Secretariat is an institution in charge of royal graphic archives. In addition to setting up a supervisor, Shaojian and the Chief official position is responsible for the preservation of affairs, it also set up a secretary to be in charge of the copying and storage of four books of the royal classics, history, and collections of books, and the proofreader is responsible for the proving classics. In addition, the Taishi Bureau (also known as Sitiantai), which is responsible for the astronomy and calendar, was also under the jurisdiction of the Secretariat. The Palace Province is under the jurisdiction of the six bureaus of Shang Food, Medicine, Shang Clothing, Shang She, Shang Cheng, Shang Nian, and is responsible for the emperor's food, clothing, housing, transportation and medicine. The Escort Provincial is the management agency of the eunuchs and palace maids. The Eastern Palace Official is the court agency of the Crown Prince, and its setting imitates the structure of the court: the Crown Prince Fang Shi, Taifu, Taibao (collectively known as the Three Tais,) and the Crown Prince Shao Shi, Shaofu, Shaobao (collectively known as the Three Shaos) are the tutors of the Crown Prince, and the Crown Prince Guest is also the Crown Prince's guest.

The prince's attendant officials, and these officials have no specific positions. The Zhanshifu was the general manager of the officials and political affairs of the East Palace, which was equivalent to the six ministries of the Monks under the Secretariat. The Zuochunfang was responsible for the attendant rules and regulations, which was equivalent to the post of the Secretariat. The Youchunfang was responsible for the proclamation of documents and memorials, which was equivalent to the post of the Secretariat. In addition, the Chongwenguan was established under the Zuochunfang, which was in charge of books and classics; the Department of the Civil Affairs Bureau was responsible for the essay and publication of classics; the Department of the Chronicles Bureau, the Medicines Bureau, the Inner Direct Bureau, the Department of the Chronicles Bureau and the Official Bureau were responsible for the prince's food, clothing, housing and transportation. The above institutions were generally corresponding to the Hongwenguan, the Secretariat, and the Temple. In addition, the three temples of the East Palace were established, namely the Jialing Temple, the Shi Geng Temple and the Pu Temple, which were responsible for the execution of specific affairs of the East Palace, which was also corresponding to the five supervisors of the Nine Temples. Although the official positions in the East Palace were huge, they were actually mostly idle positions.

In addition to the civil servant system, there was also a military officer system in the Tang Dynasty. Since the system of government troops was implemented in the early Tang Dynasty, the sixteen guards were established in the court. The names of the sixteen guards changed a lot in the early Tang Dynasty. By the time of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, they were generally fixed as left and right guards, left and right guards, left and right Wugu, right and left Weigu, right and left leading guards, left and left Jinwugu, left and right supervisor guards and left and right Qianniugu. Among them, the front twelve guards all the governors, only the four guards in the rear did not govern the guards, and were responsible for the guards of the capital and palace gates and the emperor's personal guards. Each guard had one general and two generals, and there were chief officials, who were in charge of the daily affairs of each guard, including the four guards in the army, the four guards in the back, the four guards in the capital and the palace gates, as well as the emperor's personal guards. Each guard had one general and two generals, and there were chief officials, who were in charge of the daily affairs of each guard, including the four guards, warehouses, soldiers, cavalry, and helms.

Cao was responsible for specific affairs such as salary, tuition, performance appraisal, guards, horses, weapons, etc. The Sixteen Guards directly belonged to the emperor, but they did not have the power to dispatch troops. When they needed to order generals to go to the war, the emperor and the prime minister agreed, and issued an edict to the Ministry of War. The Ministry of War issued a talisman and issued a talisman, and together with the edict, each issued a sacred prefecture or prefecture to send troops. In addition to the Sixteen Guards, the officials of the Eastern Palace also imitated the Sixteen Guards, each with a ten-leader government, each with one to two commanders, and under a certain number of government troops, as the prince's imperial guards. The above sixteen Guards are collectively called the Southern Ya Guards, because their official offices are all in the imperial city south of the two capitals of Chang'an and Luoyang.

During the reign of Emperor Gaozong of Tang, the Northern Imperial Army, developed from the Xuanwu Gate Imperial Army in the north gate of the palace city, began to emerge and gradually replaced the function of the Southern Imperial Army. Due to the abandonment of the military system of the government, the Southern Imperial Army gradually became the Xiansi. The generals of its chief and generals also became promoted to military officers and no longer had actual powers.

The first Beiya Imperial Army was established as the left and right Yulin Army. During the Xuanzong period, the left and right Shenwu Army was established, and during the Suzong period, the left and right Shenwu Army was established, which was called the North Ya Six Army. Each was set up with one general and three generals. During the Emperor Daizong of Tang Dynasty, the Shence Army was included in the Northern Ya Imperial Army. Dezong was appointed as the left and right guards of the Shence Army. Therefore, the power of the Shence Army developed rapidly and surpassed the six armies of the North Ya Six Army. In the late Tang Dynasty, the generals and generals of the North Ya Six Army gradually became the official ranks for military officers to be transferred, and there was actually no military power.

The local administrative system of the Tang Dynasty adopted the two-level system of prefecture and county in the early Tang Dynasty. By the middle of the Tang Dynasty, it evolved into the three-level system of prefecture and county, and at the same time, a new second-level administrative region - the government.

The chief of the prefecture was the governor, and his subordinates were mainly the superiors, the chiefs and the chiefs, and the chiefs and the chiefs. The superiors refer to the chiefs and Sima, who had no specific duties and assisted the governor in handling state affairs, but they often became positions to arrange leisurely officials. Therefore, in the late Tang Dynasty, the senior officials generally did not hold positions of the superiors. The imperial court referred to the six officials in the military, the imperial court, the six officials participated in the military, corresponding to the six ministries of the imperial court, and were specifically responsible for the examination, etiquette, taxation, warehouses, household registration, post newspapers, criminal prisons and engineering water conservancy. The chiefs and officers were responsible for supervising and impeaching the six officials in this prefecture, which was equivalent to the duties of the imperial censorate and the left and right chiefs of the imperial court. In addition, the state-level officials in the Tang Dynasty also had doctors in classics, doctors in medicine, and city orders, respectively, responsible for school, medicine and market transactions.

The head of the county in the Tang Dynasty was the county magistrate, with a county magistrate, with Bo and the county magistrate, as the main assistant. The county magistrate was the deputy of the county magistrate, equivalent to the provincial magistrate; the chief magistrate was responsible for the investigation and investigation of mistakes and supervising officials, equivalent to the provincial magistrate's military service; the county magistrate was responsible for the jurisdiction of the officials of the various cadres and pursued thieves, equivalent to the provincial magistrate. In the 28th year of Kaiyuan (740), the most prosperous Tang Dynasty Emperor Xuanzong, there were 328 prefectures and 1,573 counties in the country, which shows the huge size of the local official system in the Tang Dynasty.

With the development of time, local administrative institutions in the Tang Dynasty also underwent some changes, mainly the emergence of prefectures and Taoism. In the Tang Dynasty, Kyoto and prefectures that were once a subordinate capital were called prefectures to show their importance of their status. The prefectures were established with the same officials as prefectures, with only slightly changed names, such as the chief of the prefectures being changed to Yin, and the deputy chief of the deputy chief of the prefectures being changed to Shaoyin. In addition, a Protectorate was also established in the border areas to govern the vast border areas. The Protectorate's Office was also established with the same officials as the prefectures, and only the chief of the prefectures was called the Protectorate and the Deputy Protector.

In the early Tang Dynasty (627), Emperor Taizong of Tang "divided the world into ten roads because of the shape of mountains and rivers". The emperor sent inspectors or interviews to inspect local officials and understand the situation in various places. In the 21st year of Kaiyuan (733), Emperor Xuanzong of Tang "divided the ten roads into fifteen roads, and appointed fifteen interviewers to inspect the position of the governor of the Han Dynasty." In the late Tang Dynasty, the chief inspectors of the Dao generally served as the governor, had military power, had greater power, and formed a square town of varying sizes. The administrative areas under the jurisdiction of each square town were also called Tao, such

When Emperor Xianzong of Tang Dynasty, there were forty-seven. As Hong Mai, a native of the Song Dynasty, pointed out: "In the Tang Dynasty, the inspectors were appointed in various ways, and later changed to interviews and disposal envoys, and governed in the major counties of their subordinates. They also changed to observation envoys, and they had a place of Rong and Travel, and they were appointed as the governors. The world was divided into more than forty Taos, with more than ten provinces, and the small ones were two or three states, but they were ordered to investigate good and evil and summarize their outlines. However, the military, armor, wealth, and folk customs were all in charge, and they were called county governments, and their power was too great." The subordinates of the chief of the Dao had a large number of officials with positions including deputy envoys, marching Sima, magistrate, envoy, chief secretary, prosecutor, inspector, and yatu.

In the Tang Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty followed the Sui system and divided officials into nine ranks, and each rank was divided into eighteen ranks. Civil officials were from the fourth rank, and military officials were from the third rank, and also divided into upper and lower ranks. Therefore, there were actually thirty ranks of civil officials in the Tang Dynasty, and the ranks of military officials were thirty-two ranks. These ranks were collectively called Liu Nei, and were formal civil and military officials. In addition, there were also Liu Nei, who actually belonged to the official officer and did not belong to the scope of formal officials. The title of a scattered official is roughly corresponding to the rank, indicating the status and qualifications of an official, as a sequence of promotion.

The grades and scattered officials in the Tang Dynasty were also related to the clothing hierarchy of officials. The Tang Dynasty stipulated that the official uniforms of third-rank or above were purple, fourth-rank, fifth-rank, red (vermillion), sixth-rank, green, eighth-rank, and green. At the same time, senior officials in the Tang Dynasty had a fish talisman that indicated their identity, which was held in bags, which was called "fish bags". Fish bags of third-rank or above were decorated with gold, which was called goldfish bags. Fish bags of fifth-rank or above were decorated with silver, which were called silverfish bags.
Chapter completed!