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There are more than 1,800 languages ​​in the world, and almost all ethnic groups and even regional dialects are included. More than 280 are the complete old and new testaments, more than 590 are only part of the New Testament, and more than 920 are single-line or selected ones.

1, Ancient translation

Greek translation: From the Hexapla compiled by Origen in the 3rd century AD, we can see that there were at least seven Greek translations of the Hebrew Bible in ancient times, namely the Seventy Sons, the Aquila translation, the Theododatan revision, the Simmaku translation, the Fifth Son, the Sixth Son and the Seventh Son. Since the original manuscript has long been lost, we can only understand some of the situations of the first four translations from some works of the ancient godfathers and the Sixth Sons translation of the Syrian translation. Among them, the Seventy Sons Greek translation (Septuagint, abbreviated as LXX), or the Seventh Sons translation, is the earliest Old Testament translation.

Aramic translation: In 586 BC, the kingdom of Judah fell, and the Israelites became prisoners of the Babylonians. Since then, they lived in foreign lands for a long time and gradually became accustomed to Aramic language, which was popular in Babylon and Persian Empires. They became increasingly unfamiliar with their Hebrew native language, so that when Ezra and Levites recited the Book of the Law to the people, they needed to recite and interpreted it in Aramic language while explaining it in Aramic language to make it clear the meaning of the scriptures. From the 2nd century BC, this oral interpretation of this Bible was written down and became the translation of Aramic translation, collectively known as "Targum".

Ancient Syrian translation: Ancient Syrian is a dialect of Aramic. It was used in today's Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, northern Palestine and eastern Turkey during the Jesus era. In the 2nd century AD, the Old Testament was translated into ancient Syrian. This translation is still used by some Christian sects in Syria, Iran and India. There are four types of ancient Syrian translations: Peshitta, non-Roseno translation (Philoxenus), Six-Chapter Compilation, and Syrian Palestinian translation.

Latin translation: According to research, there were ancient Latin translations from the 2nd to 3rd centuries AD, with no less than 38 types, all of which were translated from the "Greek Translation of Seventy Sons". The most important Latin translation is the subsequent translation of the "Popular Latin Translation", also known as the "Vulgate Translation" (the original text is "popular" and "ordinary").

New Testament Translation: By the middle of the 3rd century AD, the New Testament had already had Latin, Syrian and Coptic translations. They were all translated directly from Greek. The main translation of the Latin New Testament is the Latin Common Translation (or the "Wugada Translation") translated by Jerome in 382 AD. The main translation of the Syrian is the "Betisia Translation", which was written around the end of the 4th century AD. There are four dialect manuscripts of the Coptic New Testament translations that have been preserved to this day. Other New Testament translations include: the "Public" based on the Latin translation.

The translation of the Romanian and Bohemian; the Armenian translation based on the Syrian translation, the Ethiopian translation, the Persian and Sogdian translation; the Arabic translation with both Syrian and Coptic origins and the Nubian remnants; the Gothic translation based on the Greek original (also refer to the Latin translation) in the 4th century AD, and the Slavonic translation from Greek in the 10th century AD.

2. Late Middle Ages Translation

In the late Middle Ages, a number of new Bible translations were published one after another, and most of the translators were lower-class priests who were dissatisfied with the Catholic Church. At the end of the 12th century, French businessman Valdeus translated the Bible into Purwans (a southern French dialect). In the second half of the 14th century, Wycliff, one of the pioneers of the early Reformation of Britain, translated all the Bible from Latin to English for the first time. By the 15th century, the New Testament and the Bible in German, Italian, Czech, Dutch, Spanish met readers one after another. The emergence of these new translations promoted the emergence of the Reformation. An important front for the Protestant leaders at that time was to translate and publish the Bible. The Latin language was shaken by various new versions of the Bible.

The supreme status of Wujiada Translation, some of the translators were hunted down, some were sentenced to death, some were forced to flee abroad, and some were transferred to work underground. Therefore, this period was called the "dark period" of Bible translation. German Reformer Martin Luther sternly denied the absolute authority of the church to interpret the Bible, and advocated that believers establish direct connection with God through reading the original text of the Bible. In order to meet the needs of ordinary people to read the Bible, he translated the Bible into German in fresh and bright words, translated the New Testament in 1522, and translated all the Bible in 1532. This Bible became the best sample for modern German language and writing. The original result of the English translation of the Bible during the Reformation period was the "Tingdor's Translation"

》(1525 or 1526). Tyndall was persecuted by the British Catholic Church when he was translating the scriptures. He went into exile in Germany to escape pursuit. He risked his life to translate the "Five Books" and "Jona" in the New Testament and the Old Testament. He was then captured by the Catholic Church and sent to the stake. Later, important translations appeared in the UK, such as "Koway Dell", "Matthew Translation", "Geneva Bible", and "Bithful Bible". However, with the deepening of the Reformation, the translation of the Bible was sometimes supported by the British King. "Matthew Translation" was the first Bible to be approved for publication by King Qin, and the "Koway Dell" was also officially promised. More importantly, King James I of England allowed the translation of "

The King James Translation (also known as the King James Translation) was published in 1611. It was highly reflected after its publication and has been well-known for 350 years. Some scholars say it is the unprecedentedly perfect, most elegant, most loved, and the only pure English translation in history. It is generally believed that the King James Translation and Martin Luther's German translations reflect the highest achievements of Bible translation during the Reformation period. In the following two or three hundred years, translations of European languages ​​such as Icelandic, Swiss, Danish, Finnish, Portuguese, Norwegian, and Russian were also produced one after another. In some countries in Asia and Africa, Bible translations such as Hindi, Bengali, Japanese, Chinese, and Nigerian also appeared.

3. Modern and modern translation

Important English translation: "American Standard Translation" (1901), this is the first Bible published by the American Bible Association. "Revised Standard Translation" (1952), was revised based on the "American Standard Translation". "Jerusalem Bible" (1966), directly translated from Hebrew and Greek into English based on the absorption of research results of early translations. It is highly popular among Catholics and Christians because of its strong academic nature. "New English Bible" (1961-1970), translated by British Protestants in full in popular contemporary English,

After publication, it caused controversy, but its great achievements gradually became recognized by the world. Taylor, a member of the "Contemporary Bible" (1971), translated it based on consulting Greek and Hebrew experts based on the "American Standard Translation". In order to be accurate, he also referred to many popular versions, which made this translation sensation. In addition, there are "Advanced Bible" (1945), "Contemporary Gospel Bible" (1966), "New American Bible" (1970), "Today's English Translation" (1976), "Gova Bible" (1976), etc.

Chinese translation

The number of Chinese translations of the Bible (including full and verse translations) is difficult to determine. It is generally believed that nearly a hundred types of those with evidence can be found. Among them, there are not only Chinese classical Chinese, vernacular translations, but also dialects and minority language translations. The earliest Chinese translation of the Bible can be traced back to the "Nestledgetic Version" in the 7th century. It was translated by Nestorian missionary Alopen and others based on their Syrian Bible. Some of the translations have been scattered in Dunhuang documents. J. de Monte Corvino, a Catholic missionary in the Yuan Dynasty, translated the New Testament and Psalms in Mongolia, but the translations are

This book has also been lost. Catholic missionaries in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties also translated some of the volumes or scriptures of the Bible in Chinese, scattered in the "Ten Rules of the Bible" by Matter Ricci, Emmaunel Diaz's "Tilus Interpretation of the Bible" and "Ten Commandments of the Holy Tribunal of the Holy Tribunal of the God of God", and Eruluo's "Book of the Words and Deeds of the Bible". In addition, Bashi translated some of the "New Testament" in the early 18th century, and its translations were stored in the British Museum in the UK, and He Qingtai also translated most of the "Bible" at the end of the 18th century. These translations are called "Ming and Qing versions", and later generations used references when translating the scriptures.

In 1807, the first Christian Protestant missionary, Maryson (), arrived in Guangzhou from England, and moved to Macau because he could not preach publicly in Guangzhou, where he translated the scriptures. The New Testament was translated in 1813 and published in Guangzhou the following year. Then, with the assistance of William Milne, a missionary in China, he translated into the Old Testament in 1819. The entire Bible was named "The Book of the Gods and the Holy Book" and was published in Malacca in 1823. At the same time, the British Baptist missionary Marsman (J)

Oshua Marshman and Joannes Lassar, a Macao-born Armenian, also translated a Chinese Bible, which became the "Massman Lassar Translation" and was printed in India in 1822. These two translations were not widely sold, but they had a significant status because they were the earliest Chinese Bible and laid the foundation for future Chinese translations. Soon, the number of missionaries from Western China came to China increased day by day. They each had different nationalities and had different requirements for translation. Around 1830

A four-person group composed of edhurst, K..Gutzlaff, Bridgman and Morrison, son of Maryson, decided to re-translate the Bible. The New Testament was translated by Mayss, completed in 1835, and was named "New Destiny" in Batavia in 1837. Most of the Old Testament was written by Guo Shila, and published in 1840 under the name "Old Destiny". The main tribute of this translation

In terms of style and special terms, its style and terms provide useful reference for future translations. The book was circulated in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom army, and most of the verses quoted in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom prose were recorded from them. Several translations were published in the mid-19th century, such as "The Delegates' Version" (1852), "Bizhiwen Translation" (1862), "Hodemai Translation" (1866) and "Gaode Translation" (1868), all of which were translated in classical Chinese.

After the Opium War, China's maritime ban was opened and frequent external contacts were found. In addition, the impact of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom movement, traditional concepts gradually shook, and a group of knowledgeable people realized the importance and urgency of opening up people's wisdom. Therefore, in terms of writing, a relatively easy-to-understand "simple literary and scientific" (semi-classical Chinese) language gradually replaced classical Chinese and spread among the people; at the same time, vernacular Chinese became increasingly popular. In this context, some knowledgeable missionaries felt that they could only use "simple literary and scientific" and even vernacular Chinese.

Only when the Bible is translated into literature can the Bible be popularized in China. The initial result of the translation of "simple literature and theory" was the "New Testament" translated by Protestant missionary John Griffith (first edition in 1885, revised edition in 1889). Then there were "New Testament" (1889) translated by John S. Burdon and H. Blogde and "New Testament" (1889) translated by Schereschewsky

The Old Testament (1902). There are several vernacular translations: "Meduss Schdunli Translation" (1857), "Beijing New Testament Translation" (1866), "Shisse Old Testament Translation" (1875), and "Yang Gefei New Testament Translation" (1889). Before and after this, a number of dialect translations appeared in various parts of the country, some translated the Bible, and some translated only some scriptures. There are 10 types of translations of the Bible: "Mongolian Translation"

(1880), "Hakka Translation" (1886), "Fuzhou Translation" (1891), "Guangzhou Translation" (1894), "Ningbo Translation" (1901), "Xiamen Translation" (1902), "Shanghai Translation" (1908), "Suzhou Translation" (1908), "Xinghua Translation" (1912), and "Taizhou Translation" (1914). In addition, there are "tribal translations" in ethnic minority languages.

The highest achievement of modern Chinese Bible translation is to promote the "Mandarin-System Translation" published on the eve of the May Fourth Movement. In 1890, representatives of missionaries from Britain and the United States from all over the United States held a meeting in Shanghai and decided to collectively translate a Chinese translation that can be used for various denominations, and set up three committees to engage in the translation of the Arts and Sciences (Classic Chinese), the Arts and the Arts and the Arts and the Arts and the Arts and the Arts and the Arts and the Arts and Sciences. The Mandarin Translation Committee officially started its work the following year, and translated the "New Testament" in 1904, and in 1907

Published, the Old Testament was published in 1919. In February 1919, the "Chinese Language Cohesion Translation" "The Complete Book of the New and Old Testament" was published and distributed. It soon spread across the north and south provinces, with sales far better than other versions, and gradually became the only Bible translation adopted by the Chinese church. This translation opened up a new era of vernacular translation for the Chinese church and had a certain impact on the vernacular movement during the May Fourth period. Its appearance was also the end of Western missionaries' translation of Chinese Bibles.

Since then, Chinese Bible scholars began to translate independently. From the 1930s to the 1970s, Chinese translations such as "Wang Xuanchen Translation", "Zhu Baohui Translation", "Xiao Tiedi Translation", and "Lu Zhen Chinese Translation" were successively published. Due to the progress of biblical archaeology, people have developed a new understanding of some scriptures in previous translations; at the same time, the development of modern Chinese also requires the update of the language of the old translation, which calls for the continuous publication of new translations. In 1979, on the 60th anniversary of the publication of the "Mandarin Co-translation", Hong Kong launched three new translations at the same time: "Modern Chinese"
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