Such a huge engineering project has been kept confidential during the research process, and has only gradually disclosed some painless things in the past three years.

Most people still do not have the current level of progress in biotechnology and whether it is quite universal.

However, most of the goals of this plan have been achieved, including measuring the arrangement order of the 3 billion base pairs contained in the human genome and determining the distribution of genes on 24 pairs of chromosomes.

At the same time, a molecular-level human anatomy map is also drawn, and all genetic information of human genes is input into the gene library, helping scientists to master the relevant information about how base pairs form genes, the functions of each gene, how they affect each other and control the human life process.

Although the Human Genome Project has entered the final stage, sequencing has not been completed 100%.

Scientists involved in this plan said that due to some unfathomable reasons, one of the human genomes has been proven to be unsequenable, and this problem is expected to be overcome only after the emergence of relevant new technologies.

Perhaps, there are other mysteries of life in this 1.

These mysteries are not so easy to be revealed. As a scholar said, when we mention nature, we will think of what the eyes can see, such as the sun, the moon, and the earth. What draws the human body design is the great power of nature that is not seen by our eyes."

In China, the earliest bioengineering business led by the state actually began in the early 20th century. The Central Epidemic Prevention Office was established in 1919, which is China's first bioengineering research institute. Although the scale is very small, only vaccinia vaccines and rabies vaccines, several dead bacteria vaccines, toxins and serum are crude products.

However, the ** government at that time still invited many foreign experts to establish the foundation.

After the establishment of the Huaxia Federation, the Bioproducts Research Institute was established in Guangzhou, Xiamen, Wuhan, Changsha, Nanjing and Shanghai, and the National Bioproducts Inspection Institute was established. It implements the national quality control, supervision, and distribution of bacteria, poison species and standard products for biological products.

Later, the Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, was established in Kunming, Yunnan to produce and study polio vaccines.

Biological products now have a large production research team, becoming the guidance center for the application research and program immunology science and technology. Chinese biologist Tang Feifan was a trachoma pathogen in 1954. He was an employee of Qingzhu Pharmaceutical Group and has also made great contributions to China's biological products industry.

In terms of controlling and eliminating infectious diseases, vaccination and preventing biological products have significant effects and the best benefits in public health measures. This is not only a country or region, but also a global measure.

The World Health Organization, led by China and Germany, issued a declaration in 1960, proposing to eliminate smallpox worldwide within 10 years. In 1969, it was officially announced that smallpox would be eliminated on the earth.

In 1970, the World Health Organization made an expanded immunization program with the goal of immunization of children around the world.

It uses four vaccines to prevent six diseases, namely BCG vaccine to prevent tuberculosis; live measles vaccine to prevent measles. Polio vaccine prevents polio, diphtheria and trauma triple prevention of pertussis, diphtheria and tetanus, and starts in a planned manner from children, so that children around the world are immune.

In 1971, the Chinese federal government also announced that it would respond to the call of the World Health Organization to implement planned immunization in China and use four domestic vaccines to prevent six diseases as required.

Of course, Lian Feiyi speculated that this was mainly because of the ten years of using the World Health Organization as a guise to conduct large-scale vaccination tests around the world, and it was only implemented in China after confirming that they are harmless.

Moreover, many of them are being promoted by Qingzhu Chemical, because the antiviral vaccines received are provided by the group's pharmaceutical factories, and the benefits involved in the 600 million population are simply astronomical.

In the past two years, the vaccination coverage rate has reached 85 in provinces.

It is estimated that by 1975, children will reach a vaccination coverage of 85.

The increase in the variety of diagnostic preparations and the improvement of methods have promoted the improvement of the experimental diagnosis level. It has been applied to serum epidemiology and disease monitoring. China has produced blood preparations for more than 30 years, and the varieties are increasing year by year.

With the development of microbiology, immunology, molecular biology and other disciplines, research on bioengineering has changed the traditional concept. Microbial structure, growth and reproduction, infectious genes, etc. are also analyzed from the molecular level. Now, antigenic determinants in proteins can be identified and isolated and extracted, and then peptide vaccines can be artificially synthesized.

Through this visit today and the information I collected, Lian Feiyi also gained a general understanding of the most cutting-edge biotechnology in the entire human world.

Today, China has a further understanding of the genetic genes of microorganisms and is more advanced than other countries in the world.

In China, biologists can already use artificial methods to recombine the required antigen genes into harmless and easy-to-cultivate microorganisms, modify their genetic characteristics, and produce the required antigens during the culture process. This is the so-called genetic engineering, and some new vaccines can be developed.

In the later years, hybridoma technology has emerged. Using passaged tumor cells to hybridize with splenocytes that can produce antibodies, it can obtain a hybridoma cell that can be passaged and secreted antibodies. The resulting antibodies are called monoclonal antibodies, which belong to cell engineering.

These monoclonal antibodies can be widely used in diagnostic reagents, and some can also be used in treatment.

The rapid advancement of science has enabled biological products to no longer be limited to prevention, treatment and diagnosis of infectious diseases, but have expanded to the field of non-infectious diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, tumors, etc., and even break through the scope of immune products.

Professor Lin Zhe once proposed the concept of system bioengineering, which is based on bioengineering technology in systems biology, including the development of cell computers, bioreactors and bioenergy technology in synthetic biology. This concept has led to the most cutting-edge biotechnology of this century, which is equivalent to a weather vane in scientific research.

Bioengineering includes five major projects, namely genetic engineering, cell engineering, microbial engineering, enzyme engineering and bioreactor engineering. Among these five major fields, the first two functions are to use conventional bacteria or animal and plant cell lines as specific genetic material receptors, so that they can obtain foreign genes and become new species that can express ultra-distant traits - "engineered bacteria" or "engineered cell lines".

The role of the latter three is that this new species with huge potential value creates good growth and reproduction conditions and carries out large-scale cultivation to fully utilize its inherent potential and provide people with huge economic and social benefits.

Among them, enzyme engineering has become a biochemical engineering and is also the most widely used project. It has been listed by many large groups as the most development potential in the next twenty years.

Bioengineering has a wide range of applications, including agriculture, industry, medicine, pharmacy, energy, environmental protection, metallurgy, chemical raw materials, animals and plants, purification, etc.

It will surely have a huge impact on the political, economic, military and life aspects of human society, and provide a bright future for the solution of resources, environment and human health problems faced by the world.

Among so many projects, the core project of Dalian National Institute of Biotechnology is biomedical engineering, which is also the main content of Lian Feiyi and his friends visit today.

Biomedical engineering is an emerging marginal discipline that integrates theories and methods of engineering, biology and medicine, studies changes in the state of the human body system at all levels, and uses engineering technology to control such changes.

The purpose is to solve relevant problems in medicine, protect human health, and serve the prevention, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of diseases. It has a branch that mainly focuses on biology and chemistry in terms of bioinformatics.

Biomedical engineering emerged in the 1950s. It has a close relationship with medical engineering and biotechnology, and has developed very rapidly, becoming one of the main areas of competition among countries around the world.

Like other disciplines, biomedical engineering has also been determined by factors such as science and technology, society and economy. This term first appeared in the United States. In 1958, the International Federation of Medical Electronics was established in the United States. In 1965, the organization was renamed the International Federation of Medicine and Bioengineering, and later became the International Society of Biomedical Engineering.

Since the United States does not have a complete traditional Chinese medicine system and does not recognize traditional Chinese medicine, but instead slanders it as "witchcraft", the US government had to establish its Western medical security system under the manipulation of the chaebol.

Therefore, the urgent need for biomedical engineering has also made the United States ahead of China in this field.

In addition to having good social benefits, biomedical engineering also has good economic benefits and has very broad prospects. It is one of the high-tech technologies that countries are currently rushing to develop.

Compared with this, the economic benefits generated by the traditional Chinese medicine industry are really not worthy of.

However, it depends on your opinion on whether medicine is for health or to make money.

Taking 1971 as an example, the market size of biomedical engineering and systems in the United States was about US$7 billion. According to the American Academy of Sciences, its output value is expected to reach US$40 billion to US$100 billion by 1990.

Biomedical engineering was developed under the conditions of combining with medicine based on the development of electronics, microelectronics, modern computer technology, chemistry, polymer chemistry, mechanics, modern physics, optics, ray technology, precision machinery and modern high technology.

Its development process is closely related to the development of world high technology, and at the same time, it adopts almost all high-tech achievements, such as aerospace technology, microelectronics technology, etc.

Thanks to the advancement of hardware technology, humans can now observe the local changes of living individuals more carefully, thereby obtaining more detailed information.

Lian Feiyi was indeed not interested in this local biomedicine, but he was very interested in this observation method.

Especially now that he and Zhang Yueqiu are studying the contents of the "Hunyuan Sword Sutra", they just need this kind of observation technology and related research theories.

Because according to the knowledge recorded in the sword score, the biological energy of "sword energy" comes from certain organs inside the human body, this requires the refinement observation to confirm the generation and transmission mechanism of this energy during the practice.

Only in this way can we have a more thorough and realistic understanding of the relevant theories without having to go on blindly.

This requires biomechanics, that is, a theory and method that uses mechanics to study the mechanical properties of biological tissues and organs, and to study the relationship between the mechanical characteristics of the body and its functions.

The research results of biomechanics are of great significance to understanding the mechanism of human injury and determining treatment methods, and can also provide a basis for the design of artificial organs and tissues.

Biomechanics also include biorheology, hemorheology, soft tissue mechanics and skeletal mechanics, circulatory system dynamics and respiratory system dynamics. Currently, biomechanics is progressing rapidly in bone mechanics.

Biological cybernetics is to study the mechanisms of various regulation and control phenomena in organisms, and then control the physiological and pathological phenomena of organisms, so as to achieve the purpose of preventing and treating diseases. Its method is to quantitatively study its dynamic process from a certain structural level of organisms from a holistic perspective using a comprehensive method.

Biological effects are the study of the harm and effects of various factors that may cause to the body in medical diagnosis and treatment. It requires studying the propagation and distribution of energy such as light, sound, electromagnetic radiation and nuclear radiation in the body, as well as its biological effects and mechanism of action.

Biomaterials are the material basis for making various artificial organs. They must meet the various requirements of various organs for materials, including strength, hardness, toughness, wear resistance, deflection and surface characteristics, such as various physical and mechanical properties.

Since most of these artificial organs are implanted in the body, they are required to be corrosion-resistant, chemically stable, non-toxic, and compatible with body tissues or blood.

These materials include metals, non-metals and composite materials, polymer materials, etc.; light alloy materials are currently widely used.

Medical imaging is one of the main means of clinical diagnosis of diseases and is also a key topic in the world's development and research. Medical imaging equipment mainly uses X-ray, ultrasound, radionuclide magnetic resonance, etc. for imaging.

X-ray imaging devices mainly include large X-ray units, X-ray digital subtraction (DSA) devices, and electronic computer X-ray tomography devices.

There are also ultrasonic imaging devices such as B-type ultrasonic examination, color ultrasonic Doppler examination, and radionuclide imaging equipment mainly include gamma cameras, single-photon emission computed tomography devices and positron emission computed tomography devices.

Lian Feiyi even looked at several solid magnetic imaging devices with resonance tomography devices, and also learned about infrared imaging and emerging impedance imaging technologies.

Medical electronic instruments are the main equipment for collecting, analyzing and processing human physiological signals, such as electrocardiograms, electromyography instruments and multi-parameter monitors, which are miniaturizing and intelligently. Biochemical inspection instruments that understand biochemical processes through *** have gradually moved towards micro-quantization and automation.

The development of therapeutic instruments and equipment is slightly worse than that of diagnostic equipment. Currently, the main use of instruments and equipment are X-rays, gamma rays, radionuclides, ultrasound, microwaves and infrared.

Large devices include linear accelerators, X-ray deep treatment machines, external lithotripsy machines, artificial respirators, etc. Small ones include laser cavity lithotripsy machines, laser acupuncture instruments and electrical stimulators.

Conventional equipment in operating rooms has developed from simple surgical instruments to high-frequency electrocution surgeries, laser blades, respiratory anesthesia machines, monitors, X-ray TVs, various first aid treatment devices such as defibrillators, etc.

In order to improve the therapeutic effect, in modern medical technology, many treatment systems have diagnostic instruments or a therapeutic device that also contains diagnostic functions, such as defibrillators with ECG monitors that diagnose the heart function and guide selected treatment parameters.

The external lithotripsy machine is equipped with X-ray and ultrasound imaging devices for positioning, while the artificial pacemaker implanted in the human body has the function of sensing electrocardiogram, so that it can provide adaptive pacing treatment.

Interventional radiology is the fastest-developing field in radiology. That is, when conducting interventional treatment, diagnostic x-ray or ultrasound imaging devices and endoscopy are used to diagnose, guide and position.

This method solves many diagnostic and therapeutic problems, and uses methods with less damage to treat diseases.

One of the high-tech technologies currently being developed by various countries is medical imaging technology, which mainly includes image processing, impedance imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, three-dimensional imaging technology, and image archiving and communication systems.

Biomagnetic imaging is the latest development topic in imaging technology. It is to image the current of human tissue by measuring the magnetic field of the human body.

What Lian Feiyi saw in this research institute was the kind of biomagnetic imaging technology that could actually reflect a certain biological magnetic field effect, which really shocked him.

Because although I have learned some knowledge about Xuanmen soul learning, it is obvious that Lian Feiyi has not mastered the skills of "inner vision". Only through these external instruments and hardware can we observe the changes in the body.

There are currently two aspects of biomagnetic imaging.

That is, cardiac magnetic imaging can be used to observe the electrical activity of myocardial fibers, which can well reflect cardiac arrhythmia, myocardial ischemia and brain magnetic imaging are used to diagnose epilepsy activities, senile dementia and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome brain invasion, and can also localize and quantify the lesion brain area.

When used in human observation, energy can also be used to operate in the brain, providing some data that has been public for one year.

Another high technology that countries around the world are competing to develop is signal processing and analysis technology, including the processing and analysis of signals and graphics such as electrocardiogram, electroencephalogram, nystagmus, language, heart sound and breathing.

There is also research on neural networks in the field of high technology. Scientists from all over the world have set off a research boom for this. It is considered to be an emerging marginal discipline that may cause major breakthroughs. It studies the thinking mechanism of the human brain and applies its results to the development of intelligent computer technology.

Using intelligent principles to solve various practical problems is the purpose of neural network research, and it is said that there have been results in this field.
Chapter completed!