Chapter 1 The prevalence of the black

Africa is one of the origins of mankind. In the multipolar world where ancient civilizations develop, Africa has one

The place where the seats are. The Nile River Basin nurtured ancient Egyptian civilization. The coast of North Africa was once an ancient Mediterranean civilization.

An integral part of the circle. After the 7th century AD, Islamic culture was in North Africa, the coastal areas of East Africa and the Western Soviet Union.

The spread of Dan and other places has led to new prosperity in the economic and cultural areas in these areas.

After long-term and stable development, the district has formed a black culture with a unique style. By the 16th century,

Like Eurasia, Africa is already at all stages of pre-capitalist development. Without colonialism

With the invasion of righteous people, African society will evolve and develop along its own trajectory.

In ancient and medieval times, blacks were sold to southern Europe through the Sahara trade routes, the Nile River and the Indian Ocean.

In that era, due to the low productivity, slave trading was

A common phenomenon, rather than unique to blacks, is also whites sold to blacks as slaves.

However, the invasion of modern colonialism disrupted the normal social development process in Africa.

The rise of ideology, Africa became a place for commercial hunting of black people. The black developed into a specialized

The industry has become a special historical phenomenon. Tens of millions of African black people have left their hometowns and traveled to the United States

Crossing the sea, being sold to the Americas and the Indian Ocean, and to work in plantations and mines run by colonists in Asia,

Other black people died in slave hunting, plundering wars and trafficking. African people and their social and economic life

The productive forces were severely damaged. However, the evil colonialism and capitalist system

Prospered with the trafficking and enslavement of black Africans. Marx once pointed out that Africa became a commercial hunt

The black place is one of the main factors in the original accumulation of capital, marking the era of capitalist production

Dawn. Later, the black and black slavery in the Americas accumulated funds for the Industrial Revolution.

It can be said that capitalism is stained with the blood of African people from head to toe.

The black lasted about four centuries. Except for a few countries such as Austria, Poland and Russia,

Almost all European countries and the United States have participated in this evil activity one after another. Looking at the black

The development process can be roughly divided into three periods: the first period from the mid-15th century to the mid-17th century;

The second period was from the mid-17th century to the early 19th century. Due to the development of plantations in the Americas, the was

This period reached its climax; from 1807 to 1808, Britain and the United States passed a bill to ban the .

Later, the black entered the third period. At this time, the was legally prohibited, but the black slave smuggling

But trade flourished until the Brussels Conference in July 1890 decided to abolish the African

The negotiations will be officially terminated.

If divided according to different trade natures determined by different stages of early capitalist development,

Then the entire history of can also be divided into three stages: 15th to 17th centuries, Spain, and Portugal

The feudal royal family and subsequent commercial capital represented by franchised companies dominated the territory.

The black implemented monopoly trade; in the 18th century, industrial capital broke through the monopoly of commercial capital,

The black entered the free trade stage; after the Industrial Revolution, due to the emergence of modern large-scale industry, it was in France.

The law abolished the , and the smuggling trade of black slaves was prevalent in the 19th century.

This chapter describes the prevalence of the black between the 16th and the early 19th century and its contribution to the world and

The impact of the historical development of Africa.

1. The in the sixteenth and first half of the seventeenth century

In 1441, a Portuguese expedition led by Antao Gonsalves and Nuno Tristo

Team, plundered 10 black Africans along the coast near Brown Point, and brought them back to Lisbon for sale, for the black

The beginning of the E. In the second half of the 15th century, the Portuguese trafficked slaves from the coast of West Africa to their own country as housework and agricultural labor, or trafficked to newly opened sugarcane plantations on Atlantic islands such as the Madeira, Canary Islands and Cape Verde Islands, and sold about 500-1,000 slaves each year. However, until the beginning of the 16th century, the Portuguese trade in West Africa was far from worth of trade in African products such as gold, ivory, and pepper. The Todd Silas Treaty signed by Spain and Portugal in 1494 was the first treaty to divide the world. It determined that the dividing line between the sphere of influence of Cape Verde 370 rigues west of Cape Verde and the boundary between the two countries in the Americas was 46 degrees west longitude. From then on, Africa, Asia and Brazil belonged to Portugal, and other parts of the Americas belonged to Spain.

In the 16th century, the Spanish indigenous Indians were massacred and attempted to enslave the Indians in the process of expanding and plundering the West Indies and the American continent, but failed. The Spanish discovered that the Indians were not suitable for heavy field labor, and a black slave could match four Indians. In order to meet the labor demand for the development of tropical crop plantations and minerals there, they decided to transport blacks from Africa. In 1501, less than 10 years after Columbus discovered the New World, Hispaniola was transported into the first batch of black slaves from Portugal. This was an abuse of in the Americas.

The first slave ship from Africa arrived in the Americas

Darcy India began a direct black between Africa and the Americas. By 1540, the Spanish American colonies had transported 10,000 black slaves each year.

The Portuguese slave trafficking activities on the west coast of Africa in the 16th century were mainly in two regions: one was the number of people.

Neia, that is, from the Cape Verde Islands to the coast of Sierra Leone. The largest island in the Cape Verde Islands

Once the center of Upper Guinea trade. Some Europeans who had settled in the Cape Verde Islands moved one after another

Arriving on the coast of Upper Guinea, even up the Gambia River, many small strongholds were established in this area, from

Slave dealing and other commercial activities. Another is the estuary of the Congo and its south. At the beginning of the 16th century, not only

Portuguese businessman, and Portuguese missionaries, teachers, craftsmen sent by Congo King Alfonso

(tailor, shoemaker, bricklayer, brick maker) and others are all dealers in the name of helping Congo develop its economy.

The reality of slave activities. By 1526, the domestic situation in Congo became so bad that Alfonso wrote to Portugal

The king said: "There are many merchants in every corner of this country. They will destroy this country. People

Every day, they were enslaved and plundered, and even nobles and royal members were not spared." In the 16th century, Sao Tome became a slave-trading base in the Gulf of Guinea and the coastal areas of Congo to Angola. In 1493, Europeans began to settle on the island; in 1499, the first sugar cane plantation was established. In the first half of the 16th century, it became the main source of sugar sugar in Europe. Since the 16th century, Portuguese merchants from Sao Tome and Principe went deep into the interior of San Salvador, probably as far as Lake Malebo on the Zaire River

In the south, Ndongo engaged in activities. Negro slaves transported from the Bay of Benin, Congo, Angola and other places either stayed in local plantations to work, or were transferred to the Gold Coast, Madeira, Cape Verde Islands and Portugal. They began to be directly transferred to the Americas in the 16th century, and became the main transfer station for African slave trafficking in Americas. Sao Tome reached its peak in prosperity between 1530 and 1560 and was one of the main overseas territories in Portugal at that time. Slaves and sugar cane were their two major wealth. Curtin quoted N-Dir's estimates that during the entire , Sao Tome transported 100,000 slaves.

In 1576, the Portuguese established Fort San Miguel as a base in Luanda Bay. From then on, black slaves south of the Congo river estuary were directly trafficked to America, and no longer transported through Sao Tome Island. This place gradually developed into one of the slave trading centers in Angola and Congo. By the last 25 years of the 16th century, slaves were exported directly from Africa to the West Indian islands and the American continent.

The South Atlantic trade system has been established. Slaves exported to Europe and the Atlantic islands (Madeira, Canaria and Cape Verde Islands) accounted for only 17% of the total African exports. Most of the slaves who were exported to Europe after 1600 were also transferred to West India. At the same time, from the late 16th and early 17th centuries, the source of American slaves quickly shifted from West Africa to the Angola region of the Congo. At least two factors are worth mentioning: First, the sugarcane plantations in Sao Tome faced competition from Brazil and gradually declined by the end of the 16th and early 17th centuries, which meant that the demand for Angolan slaves in the Gulf of Guinea itself decreased; Second, from the early 17th century, the Portuguese began to resort to military operations in the Luanda interior, or through direct plunder,

Or through trade with local Africans, a new source of slavery was obtained. However, until the mid-17th century

Ye, the demand for African slave labor in America and the number of rs thus formed

limit.

2. Reasons for the prosperity of black after the mid-17th century

In the history of early capitalist development, direct slavery in the Americas was once the European bourgeoisie

The foundation of industry. Since the mid-17th century, Europe has developed capitalist workshops and people

Changes in living habits (for example, coffee becomes the main beverage, sucrose consumption surges, etc.), on the tropical world

The demand for products is increasing day by day, which prompts slaves to produce tropical products on West India and the American continent.

The plantation has achieved great development. This has become the reason for the prosperity of the .

In 1625, the first British immigrants came to Barbados to plant crops such as tobacco, cotton, and blue indigo.

Sugar cane was first introduced in 1641, and Barbados was therefore called the "Mother of the West Indian Sugar Island". The number of black slaves transported here increased exponentially. Later, sugarcane planting was rapidly promoted to the leeward islands and islands such as Jamaica and Antigua. More than 20 years after sugarcane was introduced into the British West Indian colonies, sucrose accounted for nearly half of the total import value of London from colonial plantations, exceeding tobacco. At the end of the 17th century and the early 18th century, the development of Jamaica plantations gradually replaced Barbados' status, and the number of black slaves transported to Barbados exceeded that of Barbados, and the proportion of slaves to white people was as high as 10 to 1. In French West India, tobacco was first introduced in Guadeloupe in 1635, and after the mid-17th century, tropical crops such as sugarcane and coffee were successively introduced. In the 17th century,

At the end of the day, plantation slavery had become the economic foundation of the West Indies. Therefore, only in the second half of the 17th century
Chapter completed!